S. pneumoniae

In Vivo Properties. The efficacy of dalbaheptides has been assessed ia various models of experimental septicemia ia mice. In general there was good correlation between the ED qS (effective doses which prevent death ia 50% of test animals) and the MICs on test strains. Teicoplanin was very effective, ED q values ranged from 0.11 to 0.72 mg/kg sc administration for septicemias caused by S. pyogenes S. pneumoniae and S. aureu whereas for vancomycin ED qS were from 0.58 to 7.2 mg/kg (33). Eremomycin (52) had therapeutic activity 2—3 times greater than vancomycin. Therapeutic indices... 

There are solitary examples of other alditol phosphates as components of this class of polymers. Arabinitol 1-phosphate is part of the S. pneumoniae type 17F capsular polysaccharide. o-Glucitol 6-phosphate is a component of the group-specific polysaccharide from group B Streptococcus, which has a most unusual, ramified structure. In a polysaccharide from Nocardia... 

Deformylation of nascent polypeptides has been shown to be a function essential for growth in E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae [15-18]. Moreover, antibacterial mode of action studies, using S. pneumoniae or S. aureus strains in which the expression of PDF is controlled by regulatable promoters, have shown that the antibacterial activity of PDF inhibitors is due to their inhibition of the PDF enzyme, as the susceptibility of the strains to these compounds is dependent on the amount of protein present in the cell [19-21]. These results further validate PDF as a target for novel antibiotics. 

Additional P2 proline-containing PDF inhibitors have been reported in the patent literature by Dainippon and Questcor [95, 96]. The Dainippon examples disclosed contain an A-formyl-A-hydroxylamine group and possess good antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes. Enterococcus faecium and M. catarrhalis [95]. The Questcor patent application describes various proline-containing hydroxamic acid inhibitors [96]. 

Because patient with SCD have impaired splenic function, they are less adequately protected against encapsulated organisms such as S. pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, and Salmonella. The use of pneumococcal vaccine in SCD patients has decreased the rates of morbidity and mortality dramatically. However, there are still groups of SCD children who continue to have high rates of invasive pneumococcal infections.17 Two pneumococcal vaccines are available. The 7-valent conjugate... 

Recognizing the presumed site of infection and most common pathogens associated with the infectious source should guide antimicrobial choice, dose, and route of administration. For example, community-acquired pneumonia is caused most commonly by S. pneumoniae, E. coli is the primary cause of uncomplicated UTIs, and staphylococci and streptococci are implicated most frequently in skin and skin-structure infections (e.g., cellulitis). 

S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, and H. influenzae type b dramatically. Prior to the availability of Hib conjugate vaccines, Hib meningitis or other invasive disease was documented in 1 in 200 children by the age of 5 years.5 Widespread use of the Hib vaccine has reduced the incidence of invasive Hib disease by 99% and has shifted the age distribution of bacterial meningitis to older age groups (from 15 months in 1986 to 25 years in 1995).1,6 Recent data indicate that routine use of the 7-valent... 

Community Typical S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis Atypical M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila... 

TABLE 68-2. Percentage of Resistance for Various Antimicrobials Against S. pneumoniae... 

Patients admitted to the intensive-care unit (ICU) have severe pneumonia, and the etiology includes S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae as in the other categories however, the incidence of Legionella pneumophila increases in this setting and should be included in the organism differential. In addition, enteric gramnegative bacilli and S. aureus are more frequently the cause of the pneumonia. The recommendations are to treat with an... 

Based on the information presented, create a care plan for this patient s pneumonia. Your plan should include (1) the goals of therapy, (2) a patient-specific detailed therapeutic plan, and (3) a plan for follow-up to determine whether the goals have been achieved and adverse effects avoided. 

Prevention of pneumococcal disease by use of vaccination is a national goal Vaccination is used to prevent or minimize the severity of pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae or the influenza virus. 

For patients who meet the qualifications, discuss the value of vaccination against S. pneumoniae. 

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