Rutile titanium oxides

Liu H, Gao L (2004) (Sulfur, Nitrogen)-codoped rutile-titanium oxide as a visible-light-activated photocatalyst. J Am Ceram Soc 87 1582-1584... 

Rutile (titanium oxide) Rutilated quartz Needle stone Venus hair stone Sagenite Colorless to smoky quartz, often as crystals, with needle-shaped yellow, red, or brown crystals of rutile randomly scattered or in radiating sprays... 

Tantalum oxide (TaOg) Titanium oxide, anatas Titanium oxide, rutile Titanium oxide (Ti02) Titanium oxide (Ti02) Titanium oxide (Ti02) Vanadium oxide (VOp) Tungsten oxide (WO2) Tungsten oxide (WO2)... 

Both anatase and rutile titanium oxide powder were of chemical reagent grade provided by Kanto Chemical Co., Japan. 

SYNONYMS rutile, titanium oxide, titanium (IV) oxide, titanium peroxide. 

Synonyms/Trade Names Rutile, Titanium oxide, Titanium peroxide ... 

Titanium occurs in the minerals rutile (titanium oxide) and ilmenite (iron titanium oxide). Like aluminum, titanium is expensive to produce from its ore. Most titanium used is in the form of titanium oxide, which produces an intense white color in paint and paper. Titanium is also alloyed with aluminum. 

It is well-known that anatase transforms irreversibly to rutile at elevated temperatures [70]. Normally, the phase transformation temperature in air from anatase to rutile titanium oxide is between 600°C and 750°C [71]. From an applicable viewpoint of anatase titanium oxide into a variety of fields, it is deeply desirable to develop thermally stable anatase titanium oxide composites without the phase transformation to mtile under such higher temperature conditions. We have very recently found that fluoroalkyl end-capped vinyltrimethoxysilane oligomer/anatase titanium oxide nanocomposites [Rp—(VM—Si02) —RF/0 -TiO2] can keep completely its... 

Titanium dioxide (E171, Cl white 6) is a white, opaque mineral occurring naturally in three main forms rutile, anatase, and brookite. More than 4 million tons of titanium dioxide are produced per year and it is widely used for industrial applications (paints, inks, plastics, textiles) and in small amounts as a food colorant. ° "° Production and properties — Titanium oxide is mainly produced from ilmenite, a titaniferous ore (FeTiOj). Rutile and anatase are relatively pure titanium dioxide (Ti02) forms. Titanium oxide pigment is produced via chloride or sulfate processes via the treatment of the titanium oxide ore with chlorine gas or sulfuric acid, followed by a series of purification steps. High-purity anatase is preferred for utilization in the food industry. It may be coated with small amounts of alumina or silica to improve technological properties. 

X-ray diffraction conducted on the codeposited powder revealed that the deposit obtained from a suspension of gamma alumina, which had been partially converted to the alpha phase, contained both phases of alumina. Whereas, the powder codeposited from a suspension having a 50 50 mixture of alpha to gamma alumina powder, consisted only of the alpha phase. Using a parallel plate electrode configuration, Chen et al. [31] concluded that only alpha alumina can be codeposited. Chen also observed a difference in codeposition with copper when using two different phases of the titanium oxide particle system rutile readily codeposited but anatase titania did not... 

Fig. 10-27. Energy diagram for a cell of photoelectrolytic decomposition of water consisting of a platinum cathode and an n-type anode of titanium oxide (rutile) of which the Fermi level at the flat band potential is lower than the Fermi level of hydrogen redox reaction (ensc>< = external voltage required for cell reaction to occur S = aqueous solution.

Industrial maintenance coatings—titanium in alkyl with 100% rutile titanium di> oxide. 

Titanium occurs in nature in the minerals rutile( Ti02), ilmenite (FeTiOs), geikielite, (MgTiOs) perovskite (CaTiOs) and titanite or sphene (CaTiSi04(0,0H,F)). It also is found in many iron ores. Abundance of titanium in the earth s crust is 0.565%. Titanium has been detected in moon rocks and meteorites. Titanium oxide has been detected in the spectra of M-type stars and interstellar space. 

Nuclei are produced by converting the purified titanium oxide hydrate to sodium titanate, which is washed free of sulfate and then treated with hydrochloric acid to produce the rutile nuclei. Rutile nuclei can also be prepared by precipitation from titanium tetrachloride solutions with sodium hydroxide solution. 

Kulhenwm-Titanium Oxides. Ihc x-ray diffraction studies of rmhe-nium-liianium oxide coalings show that the dialing components are present as the metal dioxides, each in the rutile form as well as in solid solution with each other. 

Fe203, Ti02, MgO, and CaO are nearly always present in kaolinite samples and K20 and Na20 are usually present. Most samples either have excess Si02 or A1203-Mineral impurities such as quartz, anatase, rutile, pyrite, limonite, feldspar, mica, montmorillonite, and various iron and titanium oxides are commonly present in addition to a number of other minerals. Si and Al, in the form of hydroxides, apparently can occur as coatings on the kaolinite layers. Although many of these impurities are usually identified, seldom is the analysis sufficiently quantitative to determine if all the deviation from the ideal composition is due to these impurities. 

Titanium borides have been reviewed66,67 and optimum conditions given for then-preparation from boron and titanium oxides.68 Electrolysis of a solution containing cryolite, NaOH, sodium borate, NaCl, and rutile at 1100°C results in the crystallization of TiB2 at the cathode.69 Mixtures of boride and nitride phases are formed during the interaction of BN with TiB2 at 1200—2000 °C.70... 

The chief mined ore of titanium is ilmenite (iron titanium oxide, FeTiC>3) and it occurs as vast deposits of sand in Western Australia, Canada and the Ukraine. Large deposits of rutile (titanium dioxide, TiO ) are known in North America, and South Africa. World production of the metal itself is around 90,000 tonnes per year, small compared to titanium dioxide production which is 4.3 million tonnes per year. Reserves of titanium amount to more than 600 million tonnes and while there is an abundance of this element it is extremely costly because it has to be extracted by a complicated process, and yet it could be so much more useful if it was cheaply available. 

IV sites. A protonated pyridine has never been observed, and the Lewis acid sites on titanium oxides cannot be converted into Br0nsted sites by water vapor adsorption (217). Although Jones and Hockey (216) suggest that the chemistry of surface hydroxyl on rutile corresponds more closely to that of the OH" ion rather than that of the hydroxyl group, no surface reactions similar to that observed with alumina [Eq. (14)] have since been reported. 

The titanium oxide film consists of rutile or anatase (31) and is typically 250-A thick. It is insoluble, repairable, and nonporous in many chemical media and provides excellent corrosion resistance. The oxide is fully stable in aqueous environments over a range of pH, from highly oxidizing to mildly reducing. However, when this oxide film is broken, the corrosion rate is very rapid. Usually the presence of a small amount of water is sufficient to repair the damaged oxide film. In a seawater solution, this film is maintained in the passive region from ca 0.2 to 10 V versus the saturated calomel electrode (32,33). 

This was the basis of the approach by Chessick et al. (1954, 1955) and Zettlemoyer etal. (1958), which involved the use of a series of immersion liquids such as butyl derivatives differing only in their polar groups 1-butanol, 2-butanol, butanal, 1-aminobutane, 1-chlorobutane, butanoic acid. With the polar surfaces studied (rutile, CaF2, Aerosil, alumina), an approximately linear relation was found between the energy of immersion and the dipole moment. The slope gave directly the average field strength (for instance, 820 V//rm 1 on a rutile titanium (tv) oxide) and the... 

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