Mineral rutile

It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Titanium is present in the ash of coal, in plants, and in the human body. 

Chloride One of the two process used today for making titanium dioxide pigment. Mineral rutile, or another mineral rich in titanium, is chlorinated with coke to produce titanium tetrachloride ... 

Clear crystals of quartz, some of which are many inches in length, can contain embedded within them needles of the mineral rutile (Ti02) and of tourmaline. Such materials are referred to as rutilated or tourmalinated quartz (Dietrich, 1985). 

Titanium occurs in nature in the minerals rutile( Ti02), ilmenite (FeTiOs), geikielite, (MgTiOs) perovskite (CaTiOs) and titanite or sphene (CaTiSi04(0,0H,F)). It also is found in many iron ores. Abundance of titanium in the earth s crust is 0.565%. Titanium has been detected in moon rocks and meteorites. Titanium oxide has been detected in the spectra of M-type stars and interstellar space. 

Titanium dioxide is mined from natural deposits. It also is produced from other titanium minerals or prepared in the laboratory. Pigment-grade dioxide is produced from tbe minerals, rutile and dmenite. Rutile is converted to pigment grade rutile by chlorination to give titanium tetrachloride, TiCU. Anhydrous tetrachloride is converted back to purified rutile form by vapor phase oxidation. 

In die chloride process, the feedstock must be high in titanium and low m iron. Mineral rutile (95% TiO ) is best suited, but leucoxene (65% Ti02) can be used. See also Brookite, An economical conversion of ilmenite for use as a chloride process feedstock has not been developed to date. The ore is mixed with coke and chlorinated at about 900°C in a fluidized bed. The principal product is titanium tetrachloride, but other impurities including iron also are chlorinated and thus must be removed by selective condensation and distillation. Up to this point, the process is... 

Titanium metal is obtained from the mineral rutile, Ti02. How many kilograms of rutile are needed to produce 100.0 kg of H ... 

Titanium diboride, typically 96—98% pure, may also be made by the electrolysis of mineral rutile dissolved in mixed electrolytes,... 

Mineral rutile is used as an ingredient of welding-rod coatings, for which impurities such as iron are acceptable. Annual U.S. sales are several thousand metric tons. 

Although ilmenites and leucoxenes can be used in the chloride process, ores having higher Ti02 contents, eg, mineral rutile, which is not readily attacked by sulfuric acid, are preferred in order to minimize loss of chlorine in iron chloride by-product. 

Chloride Process. A flow diagram for the chloride process is shown in Figure 1. The first stage in the process, carbothermal chlorination of the ore to produce titanium tetrachloride, is carried out in a fluid-bed chlorinator at ca 950°C. If mineral rutile is used as the feedstock, the dominant reaction is chlorination of titanium dioxide. 

Perovskite structure the structure of the mineral CaTiOs Platinum metals the six platinum metals are ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinnm Radiolysis decomposition of a compound by ionizing radiation such as X- or y-rays or a-particles Rutile structure the structure of the mineral rutile, a form of Ti02... 

The chloride process uses gaseous chlorination of mineral rutile, followed by distillation and finally a vapor phase oxidation of the titanium tetrachloride. By adjusting the oxidation conditions, both the crystal form and the particle size of the pigment can be controlled. A flow diagram for the chloride process is shown in Fig. 7.2 [6]. 

Titanium occurs in the minerals rutile, TiOg, and ilmenite, FeTi03. It forms compounds representing oxidation states - -S, and - -4. Pure titanium... 

The size and distribution of pores and the size, distribution, and identity of minerals in coal specimens from an eastern Kentucky splint coal and the Illinois No. 6 coal seam were determined by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and analytical electron microscopy (AEM). The observed porosity varies with the macerals such that the finest pores (<2-5 nm) are located in vitrinite, with a broad range of coarser porosity (40-500 nm) associated with the macerals exinite and inertinite. Elemental analyses, for elements of atomic number 11 or greater, in conjunction with selected area diffraction (SAD) experiments served to identify the source of the titanium observed in the granular material as the mineral rutile. Only sulfur could be de-tected in the other coal macerals. Dark-field microscopy is introduced as a means for determining the domain size of the coal macerals. This method should prove useful in the determination of the molecular structure of coal. 

Finally, the minerals rutile (Ti02) and millerite (NiS) tentatively have been identified as the mineral species in which at least some fraction of the titanium and nickel resides. Additional elemental analyses revealed that the granular inertinite hosts numerous minerals, typically clays, calcite, gypsum, pyrite, and quartz. Of special significance in these analyses has been the experiment performed on the featureless regions of the exinite and vitrinite, which consistently showed only sulfur as a detectable element (note only elements of atomic number 11, Na, or greater are detectable). However, it should be remembered that microchemical techniques analyze only small volumes of the total specimen. 

Titanium dioxide occurs naturally as the minerals rutile (tetragonal structure), anatase (tetragonal structure), and brookite (orthorhombic structure). 

The general formula of crystals with the rutile structure is MX2. The mineral rutile, which names the group, is one of the structures adopted by titanium dioxide, Ti02. [The other common form... 

The mineral rutile occurs in granite rocks and is an important industrial source of Ti02 (see Box 21.3). Figure 5.21 shows the unit ceU of rutile. The coordination numbers of titanium and oxygen are 6 (octahedral) and 3 (trigonal planar) respectively, consistent with the 1 2 stoichiometry of rutile. Two of the ions shown in Figure 5.21 reside fuUy within the unit cell, while the other four are in face-sharing positions. 

Which titanium-containing mineral, rutile (Ti02) or ilmenite (FeTi03), has the larger percentage of titanium ... 

Figure 5.11 Examples of some structures of the natural mineral rutile, anatase, brooklte, and TlOj-B.

Ti02 particles have been traditionally interesting to study due to a wide variety of applications. Ti02 occurs as the mineral rutile, anatase, octahedrite, ilmenite, and brookite, and exhibits distinct size effects. Anatase Ti02 is used widely for welding-rod coatings, acid-resistant vitreous enamel, specific paints, etc. Below a critical size, Ti02 clusters can... 

Titanium dioxide or titania is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. Titanium dioxide occurs in nature as the well-known minerals rutile, anatase and brookite. It is mainly sourced from ilmenite ore, which is the... 

The most important natural source of titania is iron titanate, known as the mineral ibnenite. Titanium oxide occurs also in its pure form, as the mineral rutile. Titanium dioxide is produced industrially via the sulfate process, whereby Umenite (Fe Ii03) is hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid at >95 ° C, after which Ti02 is obtained by calcination at >800 °C. Rutile is purified by treatment with hydrochloric add gas and conversion into titanium tetrachloride Ti02 is produced by treating the TiCU with oxygen at >1000 °C. 

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