Russel factor

AD Russell. Factors influencing the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. In AD Russell, B Hugo, GAJ Ayliffe, eds. Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization. 2nd ed. London Blackwell Science, 1992, pp. 89-113. 

A D Russell, Factors influencing the efficacy of antinucrobial agents Russell, Hugo and Ayliffe s Principles and Practice of Disinfectum, Preservation and Sterilization, 4 edn, A P Praise, P A Lambert and J-Y Maillard (eds), Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2004. 

The role of twist was examined by comparing the results obtained on the two 22 dtex/18 fil fabrics, one with twist (F) and one without (G) (see Fig. 16.33). Both fabrics had nearly the same set. The Russel factor of these fabrics was low (70) due to low pick density this enabled us to separate the effect of twisting from the effect of fabric tightness. We observe that both fabrics reached their first threshold values at about the same time (300 cycles), but the twisted yam fabric underwent very little initial rapid relaxation. This fabric is already very close, even before cycling, to the final conditioned structure. The Russel factor of 70 explains the low friction effects within the structure. 

Histamine is synthesised by decarboxylation of histidine, its amino-acid precursor, by the specific enzyme histidine decarboxylase, which like glutaminic acid decarboxylase requires pyridoxal phosphate as co-factor. Histidine is a poor substrate for the L-amino-acid decarboxylase responsible for DA and NA synthesis. The synthesis of histamine in the brain can be increased by the administration of histidine, so its decarboxylase is presumably not saturated normally, but it can be inhibited by a fluoromethylhistidine. No high-affinity neuronal uptake has been demonstrated for histamine although after initial metabolism by histamine A-methyl transferase to 3-methylhistamine, it is deaminated by intraneuronal MAOb to 3-methylimidazole acetic acid (Fig. 13.4). A Ca +-dependent KCl-induced release of histamine has been demonstrated by microdialysis in the rat hypothalamus (Russell et al. 1990) but its overflow in some areas, such as the striatum, is neither increased by KCl nor reduced by tetradotoxin and probably comes from mast cells. 

Yang and Russell [7] made comparison of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis in three different systems organic, biphasic, and reversed micelles. They affirmed that water content is an important factor that distinctly affects every system. Their results demonstrated that activity of lipase in organic-aqueous biphasic media was lower than that obtained in reversed micelles. However, better productivities were obtained in biphasic media, which were the most suitable environment. 

X Umbilical cord, joint, and muscle bleeding Prolonged PT and aPTT Normal thrombin time Prolonged Russel s viper venom Specific factor X assay... 

Liu, C., F. Lian, D. E. Smith, R. M. Russell, and X. D. Wang. 2003. Lycopene supplementation inhibits lung squamous metaplasia and induces apoptosis via up-regulating insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 in cigarette smoke-exposed ferrets. Cancer Res 63(12) 3138-3144. 

Although it appears that severe IL-4-regulated enteropathy is not required for immune expulsion of T. spiralis, it is still possible that Th2 cytokines can act in a direct fashion to create an environment unfavourable for intestinal parasites. It remains to be shown directly whether these effects are sufficient to expel parasites. Indeed, there is considerable evidence to support a variety of pathophysiological effects of IL-4 and/or TNF on the gut. These effects may be mediated by factors including cytokines and mast-cell products (e.g. leukotrienes and 5-hydroxytryptamine). 7. spiralis infections result in increased fluid and mucus secretion into the lumen as well as increased intestinal propulsive activity and more rapid intestinal transit (Castro et al, 1979 Russell, 1986 Vermillion and Collins, 1988 Vermillion et al., 1991 Weisbrodt et al, 1994 Barbara et al, 1997). The increased contractility of radial and longitudinal muscle is greater in high-... 

The values of kjkp derived from the plots are shown in Table 4. At least at -78° they are almost independent of the nature of the solvent and thus the difference between these values and that derived from Norrish and Russell s results (a factor of about 30) is probably due to the difference in the co-catalyst, and therefore in the structure of the anion. It is worth noting that with TiCl4 (in contrast to SnCl4) a change of co-catalyst from HzO to CC13C02H does not produce a significant change in kjkp (see Table 5). 

In ordinary chondrites, Ca-Al rich inclusions are also present and give the canonical value (Russell et al. 1996), but other object like chondrules or mineral grains give reduced values by a factor of 5 to 100 (Hinton and Bischoff 1984 Hutcheon and Hutchison 1989). Delayed formation relative to CAIs is a probable cause. High precision ICPMS measurements of Mg have been used to address the timing of chondrule formation and show the importance of gas during the formation process (Galy et al. 2000). 

Dai, X.M., Ryan, G.R., Hapel, A.J., Dominguez, M.G., Russell, R.G., Kapp, S., Sylvestre, V., and Stanley, E.R. (2002) Targeted Disruption of the Mouse Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor Gene Results in Osteopetrosis, Mononuclear Phagoc34e Deficiency, Increased Primitive Progenitor Cell Frequencies, and Reproductive Defects. Blood99, 111 20. 

A cation arriving with a nncleophilic anion is another important factor. The nucleophile can attack the substrate in the form of a free ion or an ionic pair. As a rule, lithium salts are less reactive than sodium and potassium salts. Russell and Mndryk (1982) reported several examples of this. The sodium salt of ethyl acetylacetate reacts with 2-nitro-2-chloropropane in DMF yielding ethyl 2-(wo-propylidene) acetylacetate. Under the same conditions, the lithium salt does not react at all. Potassium diethyl phosphite interacts with l-methyl-l-nitro-l-(4-toluylsulfonyl)propane in THF and gives diethyl 1-methyl-l-nitro-l-phosphite. The lithinm salt of the same reactant does not react with the same substrate in the same solvent. 

Russell, A.J. and Street, K.N. (1984). Factors affecting the interlaminar fracture energy of graphite/epoxy laminates. In Proc. 4th Intern. Conf. on Composite Materials. (T. Hayashi, K. Kawata and S. Umekawa eds.), Japan Society of Composites Materials, Tokyo, p. 129. 

The signaling mechanisms activated by neurotrophic factors, which include nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) are fundamentally different from those discussed for G protein-coupled receptors and Ca " (Russell and Duman 2002). The neurotrophic factors bind to specific receptors, TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC (the name Trk is derived from their identification as troponin/receptor kinases from colon carcinoma) (Fig. 2). The Trk receptors contain an extracellular binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. Two neurotrophic factor molecules are required for activation of a Trk receptor dimer, resulting in activation of the tyrosine kinase domains and phosphorylation of substrate proteins as well as autophosphorylation of the Trk receptor itself. 

There are at least three major effector pathways that are activated by neurotrophic factor-Trk receptors. The best-characterized pathway is the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade, which is regifiated by activation of Ras, a small membrane-bound G protein. Activation of Ras occurs when activated Trk receptor associates with adaptor proteins and a GTP exchange factor (see Russell and Duman 2002 for details). Ras in turn recruits and activates a serine threonine kinase, Raf, to the membrane resulting in the activation of ERK kinase (also referred to as MEK) and ERK (also known as mitogen activated protein kinase or MAPK). Activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK cascade can lead to regifiation of many celMar proteins, including ribosomal S6-kinase (RSK). 

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