Russell

LS coupling Russell-Saunders coupling. LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide. An hallucinogen. 

W. B. Russel, D. A. Saville, and W. R. Schowalter, Colloidal Dispersions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1989. 

In this section we consider electromagnetic dispersion forces between macroscopic objects. There are two approaches to this problem in the first, microscopic model, one assumes pairwise additivity of the dispersion attraction between molecules from Eq. VI-15. This is best for surfaces that are near one another. The macroscopic approach considers the objects as continuous media having a dielectric response to electromagnetic radiation that can be measured through spectroscopic evaluation of the material. In this analysis, the retardation of the electromagnetic response from surfaces that are not in close proximity can be addressed. A more detailed derivation of these expressions is given in references such as the treatise by Russel et al. [3] here we limit ourselves to a brief physical description of the phenomenon. 

Paige M E, Russell D J and Harris C B 1986 Studies of chemical reactivity in the condensed phase. II. Vibrational relaxation of iodine in liquid xenon following geminate recombination J. Chem. Phys. 85 3699-700... 

Dadap J I, Hu X F, Russell N M, Ekerdt J G, Lowell J Kand Downer M C 1995 Analysis of second-harmonic generation by unamplified, high-repetition-rate, ultrashort laser pulses at Si(OOI) interfaces/ J. Selected Topics Quantum Electron 1 1145-55... 

Russel W B, Saville D A and Schowalter W R 1989 Coiioidai Dispersions 2nd edn (Cambridge Cambridge University Press)... 

Gast A P, Flail C K and Russel W B 1983 Polymer-induced phase separations in nonaqueous colloidal suspensions J. Colloid Interface Sol. 96 251 -67... 

Chen M and Russel W B 1991 Characteristics of flocculated silica dispersions J. Colloid Interface Sol. 141 564-77... 

Russel W B, Seville D A and Schowalter W R 1989 Colloidal Dispersions (Cambridge Cambridge University Press) General textbook, emphasizing the physical equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties of colloids Shaw D J 1996 Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry (Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann)... 

Elarris C B, Smith D E and Russell D J 1990 Vibrational relaxation of diatomic molecules in liquids Chem. Rev. 90 481-8... 

Thomas P. Russell, Department of Polymer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts... 

For examples of different types of similarity measures, see Table 6-2. The Tanimoto similarity measure is monotonic with that of Dice (alias Sorensen, Czekanowski), which uses an arithmetic-mean normaJizer, and gives double weight to the present matches. Russell/Rao (Table 6-2) add the matching absences to the nor-malizer in Tanimoto the cosine similarity measure [19] (alias Ochiai) uses a geometric mean normalizer. 

A second approximation neglects coupling between the spin of an electron and its orbital momentum but assumes that coupling between orbital momenta is strong and that between spin momenta relatively weak but appreciable. This represents the opposite extreme to the 77-coupling approximation. It is known as the Russell-Saunders coupling approximation and serves as a useful basis for describing most states of most atoms and is the only one we shall consider in detail. 

Figure 7.4 Russell-Saunders coupling of (a) orbital angular momenta li and I2, (b) spin angular momenta Sj and 2 and (c) total orbital and total spin angular momenta, L and S, of sip and a d electron...

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