Roots avoiding damage

If staking is required (see facing page, top), put the stake in now to avoid damaging the roots. Set the plant in the hole and backfill the hole with the removed soil, mixed with a bulky soil improver if necessary. 

To avoid blossom end rot, keep the soil evenly moist by watering regularly and putting down a thick layer of organic mulch. Cultivate carefully to avoid damaging roots. 

As rubber plantations are currently expanding to new areas under drier climatic conditions than traditional ones (north-eastern Thailand, Mato-Grosso in Brazil, north-western India), the performance of rubber trees under water stress has become a major issue. Two main traits are to be considered performance (the ability to transfer water and grow under water stress) and resistance (the ability to avoid damage and survive under water stress). Performance mainly relies on the conductivity of the hydraulic system from root to leaf, whereas resistance mainly relies on susceptibility to cavitation, leading to embolism, within xylem vessels. Stomatal closure occurs to avoid severe cavitation. Hence, differences in susceptibility to cavitation among rubber clones are likely to induce differences in resistance to severe water stress. 

By removing weeds and eliminating soil compaction, mulch eliminates the need for cultivation. By this we further avoid damage to roots and stunting or killing of plants. Not only this, fertilizer and water requirements of the field get controlled. To trap heat, transparent polyethylene is more effective compared to black or smoke-grey films. Due to clear films, soil temperature may rise to 5.58°C, but under black Alms, it is 1.7-2.78°C. The temperature of the atmosphere will be maintained by the polymer bags. 

Alcoholic fermentation allows roots of some plants to survive short periods of flooding. Ethanol does not acidify the tissues as does lactic acid, avoiding possible damage from low pH.137138 Goldfish can also use the ethanolic fermentation for short times, excreting the ethanol.139... 

Future quantification of sulfur gas emissions from S. excelsum roots should avoid possible mechanical damage to roots caused by their excavation from soils as in the present study. Instead, plants need to be grown in soil in containers to which simulated rainfall additions are made while sampling for sulfur gases above the soil surface. Once the relations of sulfur gas emission rates to the frequency and amounts of soil wetting are determined, these data can be coupled with a rainfall frequency and quantity model to simulate potential sulfur gas emission for S. excelsum on an annual basis. 

Embryogenic rice calli tend to form larger clumps during cultivation. Therefore, immobilization of the calli has hardly been carried out until now. Porous supports such as polyurethane foam have often been used for the immobilization of mycelial cells [64, 65] and plant cells [66-68]. In almost all cases, effective production of biological materials by the immobilized cells has been reported. To avoid the damage due to the hydrodynamic stress, we proposed the immobilization culture of rice callus using a macroporous urethane foam support. A turbine-blade reactor (TBR), which has been developed for hairy root culture, was also used in the culture. In the culture space, polyurethane foam was added as an immobilization support. 

Leaves with brown, dry edges. Cause Leaf scorch. Caused by lack of water or reflected heat from surrounding pavement, this damage is often a problem on newly planted trees.. Avoid by keeping soil around the tree evenly moist a 2"-.3 thick layer of mulch -seeps roots cool and retains moisture. 

To avoid root damage, keep the soil evenly moist. Plant in raised beds to ensure good drainage. 

Prevention and Control To avoid soft rots, handle fruits and vegetables (especially those you plan to store) carefully, both during and after harvest. Soft rot bacteria enter wounds produced by rough handling as well as those caused when fruits, tubers, and roots are frozen or damaged by insects. Soft rots usually need a high moisture level to develop, so store produce in a cool, dry place. If you have had trouble with soft rot in past years, rotate crops to reduce the spread of the disease in the garden. 

Include soil-improving crops. Leave room for soil-builders such as buckwheat, rye, or oats. With a little more space, you can grow clover or alfalfa, which remains in place for more than one year, enriching the soil and attracting beneficial insects. Sod crops, such as lawns, cover crops, or even weeds that are intact for several years, however, may harbor soil pests such as grubs or wireworms, which can damage root crops. Avoid crops such as potatoes and onions the first year after sod is plowed under. 

However, phytoremediation does have certain disadvantages and limitations. This technology is limited by depth (roots) and also by the solubility and the availability of the pollutant. Although it is faster than natural attenuation, phytoremediation requires long time periods and is restricted to sites with low contaminant concentrations. The plant biomass obtained from phytoextraction requires proper disposal as hazardous waste. Phytoremediation depends on the climate and season. It can also lose its effectiveness when damage occurs to vegetation from disease or pests. The introduction of inappropriate or invasive plant species should be avoided (non-native species may affect biodiversity). Contaminants may be transferred to another medium, the environment, and/or the food chain. Amendments and cultivation practices may have negative consequences on contaminant mobiUty. 

Due to the system, only external damages can be discovered during visual inspection. However it is possible to detect already minor changes in time before they result in a wire break. If for example any signs of wear occur due to abrasion of the rope on the shcdt wall or beams, it will be possible to solve the problem after root-cause finding and to avoid further damaging afterwards. 

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