Root names of the elements

Volatile hydrides, except those of Periodic Group VII and of oxygen and nitrogen, are named by citing the root name of the element (penultimate consonant and Latin affixes. Sec. 3.1.2.2) followed by the suffix -ane. Exceptions are water, ammonia, hydrazine, phosphine, arsine, stibine, and bismuthine. 

With the addition of one electron, chlorine becomes an anion, which is another name for a negative ion. To designate an anion, the ending -ide is added to the root name of the element. Thus the anion of chlorine is called the chloride ion. What is the name of the anion formed from nitrogen ... 

Step 3 Name the anion. F is called fluoride we use the root name of the element plus -ide. 

The written name of a compound includes the names of the elements it contains and information about the numbers of atoms of each element. The elements have to occur in some order, and this order is set by the same guidelines as for the chemical formula (see Section 3-11. Names can contain element names, roots derived from element names, and prefixes indicating the number of atoms of each element. Tables and 3 list the more important roots and prefixes that appear in the names of binaiy compounds. We can summarize the rules for naming binary compounds in three guidelines ... 

Many hydrogen compounds are acids. Acids require a different system of nomenclature than other compounds. There are two types of acids binary acids and ternary acids. All acids include the word acid in their name. Binary acids contain only two elements one of which is hydrogen and the other a nonmetal. When naming binary acids, the prefix hydro- appears before the root name of the nonmetal, and there will be an -ic suffix. As an acid, H2S would be hydrosulfuric acid. We used H2S to illustrate the fact that there can be two possible names, hydrogen sulfide or hydrosulfuric acid. If your instructor does not specify which name to use, either is correct. Technically, the name hydrosulfuric acid only applies to aqueous solutions of H2S, H2S(aq). 

How do we name nonionic (covalent) compounds If a pair of elements forms only one compound, begin with the name of the element that appears first in the chemical formula, followed by the second element, with the suffix -ide added to its root. This is analogous to the naming of ionic compounds. Just as NaBr is sodium bromide, so the following names designate typical covalent compounds ... 

When the anion contains oxygen, the acid name is formed from the root name of the central element of the anion or the anion name, with a suffix of -ic or -ous. When the anion name ends in -ate, the suffix -ic is used. 

The second element is named by combining (a) a prefix indicating the number of atoms contributed by the element, (b) the root of the name of the element, and (c) the ending -ide. With few exceptions, the ending -ide indicates that a compound contains only two elements. 

Polyatomic Cations. Polyatomic cations derived by addition of more protons than required to give a neutral unit to polyatomic anions are named by adding the ending -onium to the root of the name of the anion element for example, PH4, phosphonium ion HjU, iodonium ion H3O+, oxonium ion CH3OHJ, methyl oxonium ion. 

Step 1 If the compound is a binary acid in solution, add hydro.. . ic acid to the root of the element s name. 

Finally, there are monoatomic anions whose names in English, though derived as described above, are based on the Latin root of the element names. [See table inside back cover.] In these the ending -um or -ium is replaced by -ide... 

Additive nomenclature1 is based on the combination of element names or roots of element names and/or ligand names. The simplest and oldest additive nomenclature is binary nomenclature that expresses two components, e.g. sodium chloride. The cationic or electropositive portion of the compound expressed in a binary name is the element name unchanged or a group name ending in -ium , and the anionic or electronegative portion of a compound expressed in the name ends in -ide, -ite or -ate. The proportions of cations and anions in neutral compounds are indicated by Stock numbers or simple or multiplicative prefixes (see Section 3.3.2). Additive nomenclature denotes composition. For examples see Table 1. 

Unnamed elements may be designated by using the atomic number (for example, element 125). They may also be designated by using the systematic name or symbol devised by IUPAC for elements of atomic number greater than 100 that have not yet received trivial names. In this system, an element name consists of a series of numerical roots corresponding to the numerals in the atomic number of the element, followed by ium . The roots are as follows ... 

U) The names and symbols given here are systematic and based on the atomic numbers of the elements as recommended by the IUPAC Commission on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry [22]. The names are composed of the following roots representing digits of the atomic number ... 

There are also certain clues to understanding the verbal language of chemistry. Obviously, when you see the names of certain elements or roots of the names in a compound, you can tell that those elements are contained in the compound. Thus if you see the phrase sodium chloride, you know that it refers to a compound containing the elements sodium and chlorine. There are also a number of common prefixes and suffixes used in the language of chemistry that tell you about the composition of a compound. The suffix ide, for example, means simply in combination with. Sodium chloride then is simply sodium in combination with chlorine. The suffix ate, however, indicates the presence of oxygen as well. Thus potassium chlorate must consist not only of potassium and chlorine, but also of oxygen. 

Monatomic anions take their name from the root of the element name plus the suffix -ide. The compound CsBr contains the bromide anion. 

The name is derived directly from the atomic number of the element using the following numerical roots ... 

Write the root of the name of the second element in the formula as shown in Table 3.4 on the next page. 

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