Risks of cancer

Electromagnetic Fields and the Risk of Cancer, Report of an Advisoy Group on Non-Ioni ng Radiation, documents of the National Radiological Protection Board, U.K., Vol. 3, Mar. 1992. [Pg.348]

For radiation doses <0.5 Sv, there is no clinically observable iacrease ia the number of cancers above those that occur naturally (57). There are two risk hypotheses the linear and the nonlinear. The former implies that as the radiation dose decreases, the risk of cancer goes down at roughly the same rate. The latter suggests that risk of cancer actually falls much faster as radiation exposure declines. Because risk of cancer and other health effects is quite low at low radiation doses, the iacidence of cancer cannot clearly be ascribed to occupational radiation exposure. Thus, the regulations have adopted the more conservative or restrictive approach, ie, the linear hypothesis. Whereas nuclear iadustry workers are allowed to receive up to 0.05 Sv/yr, the ALARA practices result ia much lower actual radiatioa exposure. [Pg.243]

When the data as a whole are reviewed for studies on humans exposed to ethylene oxide, no conclusion can be made that there is an increase in mortahty associated with those exposed to ethylene oxide. Two Swedish studies (247,248) indicated an increase in leukemia for workers exposed to multiple chemicals including ethylene oxide however, in a recent larger Swedish study (249) of workers exposed to only ethylene oxide, there was no association of any type of cancer increase for these workers. In a recent study sponsored by NIOSH, there was no significant increase in mortahty observed for cancer when all types are combined or for certain individual types of cancer, even for those people who worked the longest and were observed the longest. However, a statistically significant increase in mortahty from certain types of lymphoma was observed for male workers. This is contrary to the results observed for female workers. In addition, four other cohort studies of ethylene oxide-exposed workers have been pubhshed (250—253), but no unequivocal increase in the risk of cancer was observed. [Pg.464]

Arsenic none 0.05 Skin damage circulatory system problems increased risk of cancer ceramics electronics solder Erosion of natural deposits runoff from glass electronics production wastes... [Pg.17]

Acrylamide zero Nervous system or blood problems increased risk of cancer Added to water during sewage/wastewaier treatment... [Pg.19]

Alachlor zero 0.002 Eye, liver, kidney or spleen problems anemia increased risk of cancer Runoff from herbicide used on row crops... [Pg.19]

Benzene zero 0.005 Anemia decrease in blood platelets increased risk of cancer Discharge from factories leaching from gas storage tanks and landfills... [Pg.19]

Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs) zero 0.0002 Reproductive difficulties increased risk of cancer Leaching from linings of water storage tanks and distribution lines... [Pg.19]

Carbon tetrachloride zero 0.005 Liver problems increased risk of cancer Discharge from chemical plants and other industrial activities... [Pg.19]

Chlordane zero 0.002 Liver or nervous system problems increased risk of cancer Residue of banned termiticide... [Pg.19]

Dichloroethane zero 0.005 Increased risk of cancer Discharge from industrial chemical factories... [Pg.20]

Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) zero 0.00000003 Reproductive difficulties increased risk of cancer Emissions from waste incineration and other combustion discharge from chemical factories... [Pg.21]

Ethelyne dibroinide zero 0.00005 Stomach problems reproductive difficulties increased risk of cancer Discharge from petroleum refineries... [Pg.21]

Heptachlor epoxide zero 0.0002 Liver damage risk of cancer Breakdown of hepatachlor... [Pg.21]

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) zero 0.0005 Skin changes thymus gland problems immune deficiencies reproductive or nervous system difficulties increased risk of cancer Runoff from landfils discharge of waste chemicals... [Pg.22]

Toxaphene zero 0.003 Kidney, liver, or thyroid problems increased risk of cancer Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cotton and cattle... [Pg.23]

Vinyl chloride zero 0.002 Increased risk of cancer Leaching from PVC pipes discharge from plastic factories... [Pg.23]

Alpha particles none 15 picocuries per Liter (pCi/L) Increased risk of cancer Erosion of natural deposits... [Pg.23]

Beta particles and photon emitters none 4 millirems per year Increased risk of cancer Decay of natural and manmade deposits... [Pg.24]

TCDD is the most potent inducer of chloracne. This has been well known since the accident in Seveso, Italy, in 1976 in which large amounts of TCDD were distributed in the environment subsequent to an explosion in a factory that produced a chlorophenoxy herbicide, 2,4,5-T. TCDD is an impurity produced during the production of 2,4,5-T. The most common long-term effect of TCDD exposure was chloracne. Exposed individuals also suffered increased excretion of porphyrins, hyper-pigmentation, central nervous system effects, and liver damage and increased risk of cancer was a long-term consequence of the exposure. In addition to TCDD, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychloronaphthalens cause chloracne as well as other effects typical of TCDD. 7i... [Pg.309]

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