Risk assessment and reduction

Process risk management Management of residual risk through hazard identification, risk assessment and reduction, emergency preparedness, and working with suppliers and customers (including carriers) apply... 

The SMS will be associated with a CRM Policy and a set of processes which outline how risk assessment and reduction will be achieved. 

ALARA and ALARP are commonly used acronyms in risk assessment and reduction activities. ALARA stands for as low as reasonably achievable, ALARP is short for as low as reasonably practicable. Although now broadly used, ALARA originated in the atomic energy field. This is taken from the Reference Library, Glossary of Terms at www.nrc.gov. 

A subcommittee formed by the Machine Tool Safety Standards Committee (Bll) of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) adopted the acronym TR3 to designate its work. TR stands for technical report. The Committee, B11.TR3, has issued a document titled Risk assessment and reduction —A guideline to estimate, evaluate and reduce risks associated with machine tools. The Secretariat for this work is The Association for Manufacturing Technology. TR3 became a registered document at ANSI in November 2000. 

Risk Assessment and Reduction—A Guideline to Estimate, Evaluate and Reduce Risks Associated with Machine Tools, ANSI B11.TR3. McLean, VA The Association for Manufacturing Technology, 2000. 

Machinery—General Principles for Design Risk Assessments and Reduction. This standard, adopted in 2010, combines three previous ISO standards and replaces them. Design requirements are specific Risk assessments are explicitly required. 

ISO 14798. 2009. Eifts elevators, escalators and moving walks—Risk assessment and reduction methodology. ISO 12100. 2010. Safety of machinery—General principles for design—Risk assessment and risk reduction. ISO/TR 14121-2. 2012. Safety of machinery—Risk assessment—Part 2 Practical guidance and examples of methods. 

The third category of methods addressed in this chapter are error analysis and reduction methodologies. Error analysis techniques can either be applied in a proactive or retrospective mode. In the proactive mode they are used to predict possible errors when tasks are being analyzed during chemical process quantitative risk assessment and design evaluations. When applied retrospectively, they are used to identify the underlying causes of errors giving rise to accidents. Very often the distinction between task analysis and error analysis is blurred, since the process of error analysis always has to proceed from a comprehensive description of a task, usually derived from a task analysis. 

The development of soil corrosivity assessment techniques has largely been due to the pipeline industry s requirements for better corrosion risk assessment and the reduction of pipeline failures. Corrosion in soil is a complex process and over the years several parameters have been identified as having a significant effect on the corrosion rate in a given soil. 

Partly with the high stakes in mind, changes have been made in U.S. reactor equipment and operation since the TMI accident to reduce the chance of another accident. The results of these changes are reflected in the predictions of probabilistic risk assessments and by a variety of direct performance indicators. For example, in one measure for U.S. reactors, since the pre-TMI days there has been a reduction of more than a factor of 100 in the number of precursors to potential core damage accidents, as reported by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Muley, 1990 Belles et al., 1998). 

Understanding fire hazards is essential to risk reduction and fire protection decision-making. A fire hazard analysis (FHA) is a tool used to understand fire hazards. The process of quantifying the fire hazard is typically motivated by the need to determine the overall hazard of a process or facility or to have a decision-making tool for fire protection systems (Chapter 6). An FHA is an important element of a risk assessment and can also be used as a stand-alone hazard evaluation tool. 

According to the ESR (EEC 1993a), evaluation and control of the risks posed by existing substances is carried out in four steps (i) data collection, (ii) priority setting, (iii) risk assessment, and (iv) risk reduction. 

Deterministic Responses. Prevention of deterministic responses is a basic principle of health protection for both radionuclides and hazardous chemicals the goal is to achieve zero probability of such responses. Incidence is the primary measure of deterministic response for any hazardous substance, although prompt fatalities also are of concern at sufficiently high doses. In risk assessments and in establishing deterministic dose limits, no adjustments are made to take into account, for example, the relative severity of different responses with regard to consequent reductions in the quality of life. 

The DG Sanco interviewees, in a comment to a draft of this article,13 claimed that the opinion cited was perfectly within [the] remit of SCHER and that the fact that the Commission may not have followed the SCHER conclusions speaks for. .. the clear separation of risk assessment and risk management However, both of the recommendations in the quotation above - on risk reduction and alternatives -clearly concern risk management, not risk assessment. Furthermore, the recommendations do not answer the three questions to SCHER that were formulated in the Terms of reference in the opinion. 

Topics include risk assessment and complex mixtures, toxic reduction strategies, carcinogenesis, bioconcentration, toxidty evaluation, and sediment toxidty assessment... 

The information gathered on transportation incidents has long-term value in addition to the immediate lessons learned. For example, this information may be useful for monitoring performance over time. It can be used to build up a database on transportation incidents. Finally, and most importantly, such information can provide statistical data for transportation risk assessments and improvement efforts. Trend analysis of causes of transportation incidents is vital to a management system that addresses major problems and sets priorities for risk reduction. This element should be part of each supply chain partner s transportation risk management. These risk reduction strategies are discussed in detail in Chapter 7. 

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