Risk analysis hazard identification

Describe risk assessment, hazard identification, and vulnerability analysis. 

Identification of hazards and selection of initiating events are the first steps in any risk analysis. Hazards are generally related to the physical properties of the material being transported. The properties represent the inherent risk and the potential adverse consequences if the material were released. The hazards to be considered when evaluating different movements may include ... 

The previous chapter discussed the first term in the risk equation hazard identification. This chapter discusses the analysis of the consequence and frequency terms in Eq. (14.1). 

Contemporary risk management follows a maturing path to the establishment, acceptance and management of a level of risk that is deemed tolerable and as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). The recent issue of military standards [MoD 2004] describes six processes for risk management hazard identification, hazard analysis, risk estimation, risk and ALARP evaluation, risk reduction and risk acceptance. Whilst these are not the universal descriptions of the processes involved, the underlying principles are consistent with other procedures and handbooks, for example lEC 61 SOS, JSP 4S4 and Mil Stan 882D. 

Change Safety Analysis hazard identification, analysis of causalities, consequences, options and impact analysis and risk assessment... 

Auditing and hazard identification Incident reporting and analysis Communications Task analysis and observation Dealing with emergencies Working with contractors Risk analysis Hazard control Industrial hygiene Specific hazard issues such as ... 

To summarize the noncancer health risk-assessment process, chemicals of concern, pathways of exposure, and exposed populations are identified in the first step of the risk assessment, hazard identification. In the second step, analysis of exposure, the doses are estimated for each population, each exposure pathway, and each chemical of concern in the form of chronic daily intakes, or CDIs. In the third step of the risk assessment, analysis of effect, noncancer health effects are estimated by comparing CDIs to reference doses, or RfDs, derived from animal toxicity studies (with input from human epidemiological studies, when available). If the CDI is greater... 

Risk characterization is defined as the integration of the data and analysis of the above three components to determine the likelihood that humans wiU. experience any of the various forms of toxicity associated with a substance. When the exposure data are not available, hypothetical risk is characterized by the integration of hazard identification and dose—response evaluation data. 

Introduction Theprevious sections dealt with techniques for the identification of hazards and methods for calculating the effects of accidental releases of hazardous materials. This section addresses the methodologies available to analyze and estimate risk, which is a function of both the consequences of an incident and its frequency. The apphcation of these methodologies in most instances is not trivial. A significant allocation of resources is necessary. Therefore, a selection process or risk prioritization process is advised before considering a risk analysis study. 

The acronym for chemical process quantitative risk analysis. It is the process of hazard identification followed by numerical evaluation of incident consequences and frequencies, and their combination into an overall measure of risk when applied to the chemical process industry. It is particularly applied to episodic events. It differs from, but is related to, a probabilistic risk analysis (PRA), a quantitative tool used in the nuclear industry... 

Banks, W., Wells, J. E. (1992). A Probabilistic Risk Assessment Using Human Reliability Analysis Methods. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis, Human Factors, and Human Reliability in Process Safety. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers, CCPS. 

In this study detailed fault trees with probability and failure rate calculations were generated for the events (1) Fatality due to Explosion, Fire, Toxic Release or Asphyxiation at the Process Development Unit (PDU) Coal Gasification Process and (2) Loss of Availability of the PDU. The fault trees for the PDU were synthesized by Design Sciences, Inc., and then subjected to multiple reviews by Combustion Engineering. The steps involved in hazard identification and evaluation, fault tree generation, probability assessment, and design alteration are presented in the main body of this report. The fault trees, cut sets, failure rate data and unavailability calculations are included as attachments to this report. Although both safety and reliability trees have been constructed for the PDU, the verification and analysis of these trees were not completed as a result of the curtailment of the demonstration plant project. Certain items not completed for the PDU risk and reliability assessment are listed. 

The Center for Chemical Process Safety s projects fall into a number of general topic areas that comprise a comprehensive program. These topic areas include identification of hazards and analysis of risks, prevention and mitigation of the hazards identified, and better definition of areas affected by a release of hazardous materials. This book is the latest in the series dealing with hazard identification and risk analysis. 

Considerable interest has been generated in hazard identification and risk analysis techniques, which provide a systematic means to help reduce and manage chemical process risks. CCPS has undertaken a series of Guidelines covering many aspects of the subjects to provide the latest information and useful techniques for the engineer in the... 

Most human or environmental healtli hazards can be evaluated by dissecting tlie analysis into four parts liazard identification, dose-response assessment or hazard assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. For some perceived healtli liazards, tlie risk assessment might stop with tlie first step, liazard identification, if no adverse effect is identified or if an agency elects to take regulatory action witliout furtlier analysis. Regarding liazard identification, a hazard is defined as a toxic agent or a set of conditions that luis the potential to cause adverse effects to hmnan health or tlie environment. Healtli hazard identification involves an evaluation of various forms of information in order to identify the different liaz.ards. Dose-response or toxicity assessment is required in an overall assessment responses/cffects can vary widely since all chemicals and contaminants vary in their capacity to cause adverse effects. This step frequently requires that assumptions be made to relate... 

An appropriate sampling program is critical in the conduct of a hcaltli risk assessment. This topic could arguably be part of the exposure assessment, but it has been placed within hazard identification because, if the degree of contamination is small, no further work may be necessary. Not only is it important that samples be collected in a random or representative manner, but the number of samples must be sufficient to conduct a statistically valid analysis. The number needed to insure statistical validity will be dictated by the variability between the results. The larger the variance, tlic greater the number of samples needed to define tire problem, ... 

Chapter 14 Introduction to Hazard Risk Assessiiiciit Chapter 15 Evcnt/Haaird Identification Chapter 16 Accident Causes and Probability Chapter 17 Accident Consequences and Evaluation Chapter 18 Hazard Risk Analysis... 

Professor Martel s book addresses specifically some of the more technical eispects of the risk assessment process, mainly in the areas of hazard identification, and of the consequence/effect analysis elements, of the overall analysis whilst where appropriate setting these aspects in the wider context. The book brings together a substantial corpus of information, drawn from a number of sources, about the toxic, flammable and explosive properties and effect (ie harm) characteristics of a wide range of chemical substances likely to be found in industry eind in the laboratory, and also addresses a spectrum of dangerous reactions of, or between, such substances which may be encountered. This approach follows the classical methodology and procedures of hazard identification, analysing material properties eind... 

Opschoor, G., R. O. M. van Loo, and H. J. Pasman. "Methods for Calculation of Damage Resulting From Physical Effects of the Accidental Release of Dangerous Materials." International Conference on Hazard Identification, Risk Analysis, Human Factors and Human Rehabihty in Process Safety, January 15-17, 1992. 

Hyatt, N. (2003) Guidelines for Process Hazard Analysis (PHA. Hazop), Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis (CRC Press). 

The analysis of chemical risk is a process comprising the following elements hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment, and risk characterization [6]. Figure 1 shows the main elements that constitute the risk characterization process together the methodologies used for their determination. The essence of risk characterization is to relate the exposure (the concentration of a... 

The terminology used varies considerably. Hazard identification and risk assessment are sometimes combined into a general category called hazard evaluation. Risk assessment is sometimes called hazard analysis. A risk assessment procedure that determines probabilities is frequently called probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), whereas a procedure that determines probability and consequences is called quantitative risk analysis (QRA). 

The hazards identification procedures presented in chapter 10 include some aspects of risk assessment. The Dow F EI includes a calculation of the maximum probable property damage (MPPD) and the maximum probable days outage (MPDO). This is a form of consequences analysis. However, these numbers are obtained by some rather simple calculations involving published correlations. Hazard and operability (HAZOP) studies provide information on how a particular accident occurs. This is a form of incident identification. No probabilities or numbers are used with the typical HAZOP study, although the experience of the review committee is used to decide on an appropriate course of action. 

Figure 23-1 shows the hazards identification and risk assessment procedure. The procedure begins with a complete description of the process. This includes detailed PFD and P I diagrams, complete specifications on all equipment, maintenance records, operating procedures, and so forth. A hazard identification procedure is then selected (see Haz-ard Analysis subsection) to identify the hazards and their nature. This is followed by identification of all potential event sequences and potential incidents (scenarios) that can result in loss of control of energy or material. Next is an evaluation of both the consequences and the probability. The consequences are estimated by using source models (to describe the... 

Logic Model Methods The following tools are most commonly used in quantitative risk analysis, but can also be useful qualitatively to understand the combinations of events which can cause an accident. The logic models can also be useful in understanding how protective systems impact various potential accident scenarios. These methods will be thoroughly discussed in the Risk Analysis subsection. Also, hazard identification and evaluation tools discussed in this section are valuable precursors to a quantitative risk analysis (QRA). Generally a QRA quantifies the risk of hazard scenarios which have been identified by using tools such as those discussed above. 

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