Hapten synthesis

Finally, this area of research might well have supported a Journal of Unsuccessful Abzymes. It is common experience in the field that some three out of four enterprises fail, and for no apparent reason. It is therefore imperative that chemical synthesis of a TSA should not be the ratedetermining step of an abzyme project. The average performance target is to achieve hapten synthesis within a year one or two examples have employed... 

Muldoon, M.T., R-N. Huang, C.J. Hapeman, G.F. Fries, M.C. Ma, and J.O. Nelson (1994). Hapten synthesis and immunoassay development for the analysis of chlorodiamino-s-triazine in treated pesticide waste and rinsate. J. Agric. Food Chem., 42 747-755. 

Hapten Synthesis. Antibody titers are raised in an experimental animal in response to an antigen or immunogen. In general, an effective antigen must be rather large and foreign to the... 

As the hapten is really the limiting reagent in antibody-based methods, the hapten synthesis and conjugation procedures must be documented and this documentation should be made available to the EPA as requested. All proprietary information will be protected with the appropriate procedures. However, the EPA should be convinced that any key reagent can be reproduced in a consistent manner. Ideally, the developer should stockpile "X" amount of hapten. The amount stockpiled should be based on an excess of 10-100 times the amount of assays expected to be performed in a reasonable time frame. These activities should help to allay fears of exhausting the supply of a limited reagent. 

As mentioned above and in various reviews (1.4.6-8), hapten synthesis is the first and probably one of the most important steps in assay development. The most general "rules" in hapten design are to locate the spacer attachement distal to important haptenic... 

Immunochemical methods are rapidly gaining acceptance as analytical techniques for pesticide residue analysis. Unlike most quantitative methods for measuring pesticides, they are simple, rapid, precise, cost effective, and adaptable to laboratory or field situations. The technique centers around the development of an antibody for the pesticide or environmental contaminant of interest. The work hinges on the synthesis of a hapten which contains the functional groups necessary for recognition by the antibody. Once this aspect is complete, immunochemical detection methods may take many forms. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one form that has been found useful in residue applications. This technique will be illustrated by examples from this laboratory, particularly molinate, a thiocarbamate herbicide used in rice culture. Immunoassay development will be traced from hapten synthesis to validation and field testing of the final assay. 

Organic chemistry hapten synthesis and conjugation to carriers... 

Lee, N.J.,Skerrit, J.H.,Mcadam, D.R (1995) Hapten synthesis and development of ELI-SAs for detection of endosulfan in water and soil, Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 43, 1730-1739... 

A. Abad, J.J. Manclus, F. Mojarrad, J.V. Mercader, M.A. Miranda, J. Primo, V. Guardiola, A. Montoya, Hapten Synthesis and Production of Monoclonal Antibodies to DDT and Related Compounds , /. Agric. Food Chem., 45, 3694-3702 (1997). 

N. Lee, J.H. Skerritt, D.P. McAdam, Hapten Synthesis and Development of ELISAs for Detection of Endosulfan in Water and Soil , J. Agric. Food Chem., 43, 1730 (1995). 

Ease of Synthesis. The ease of hapten synthesis is also Important, especially in minimizing the number of synthetic steps required. 

Sometimes it is impossible or very difficult to avoid sacrificing a useful determinant group in hapten synthesis exploration of multiple haptens is crucial in such cases (6). 

Figure 1. Schematic outline of hapten synthesis and linkage to a carrier molecule.

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