Calorie-restricted diet

Treatment of type 2 diabetes, at least in its early stages, mainly involves lifestyle modification. -Recommendations include a calorie-restricted diet and increased exercise, with the goal of... 

Crouse and Grundy (58) also studied the effects of sucrose polyester on cholesterol metabolism in obese men. In this study, 11 overweight men were fed low-calorie (1000 kcal/day), low cholesterol (19 mg/day) diets containing 21% of calories from fat with and without 62 g of olestra per day for six-week periods. Beyond the 20% decrease in plasma cholesterol caused by weight loss, olestra feeding resulted in another 12.5% reduction in plasma cholesterol in six subjects, but had no significant effect on plasma cholesterol in the other five subjects. Grundy et al. (59) reported that in nondiabetic patients, calorie-restricted diet plus sucrose... 

For the majority of obese people, a calorie restricted diet based on nutritious and appetising foods is the most suitable it is likely to be more successful if it is tailored to meet the needs, expectations and life-style of the individual trying to lose weight. The details of the diet, and how to monitor energy intake, are best explained by someone who has received formal training in these matters. For weight maintenance, a low fat, high fibre diet, which is nutritionally adequate, is best. 

Endurance training also has a noteworthy effect on fat metabolism. In sedentary individuals, especially those who have undergone calorie-restricted diets, adipocytes are resistant to the stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system that accompanies physical exercise. For reasons that are still poorly understood, endurance training results in an increased sensitivity of adipocytes to these hormones. This is an important point, because the amount of fatty acids transported into muscle cells and used to drive muscle contraction is directly related to their concentration in blood. Trained muscle can generate more energy by oxidizing ketone bodies. 

We are only just beginning to unravel the mechanisms through which calorie restriction (see Chapter 11, page 229) extends lifespan. The mechanism certainly involves the number of calories, rather than a reduction in any particular source of calories, such as fats or carbohydrates. In general, calorie-restricted diets cut the overall intake of calories by about 30-40 per cent, while maintaining a balanced diet in other respects. It is therefore not the same as malnutrition or starvation (which for most people would involve a calorie restriction of between 50 and 60 per cent). 

Using the fat-1 mouse model, Bhattacharya et al. have shown a significant reduction of NF-kB (p65/p50) activity in LPS-stimulated splenocytes from fat-1 transgenic mice rich in omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) either on a normal or a calorie restricted diet, accompanied by a lower IL-6 and TNFa secretion from the LPS-treated splenocytes when compared to those in the wild type mice high in omega-6 and low in omega-3 fatty acids (Bhattacharya et al.,... 

Bhattacharya, A., Chandrasekar, B., Rahman, M. M., Banu, J., Kang, J. X. and Fernandes, G. Inhibition of inflammatory response in transgenic fat-1 mice on a calorie-restricted diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 349 (2006) 925-930. 

Therefore, the search for a stimulator of SIRTl was on. One of the first compounds found that is a natural activator of sirtuins is a small molecule called resveratrol, which is present in red wine and made by many plants when stressed. Feeding resveratrol to yeast, worms, or flies, or placing them on a calorie-restricted diet, extends their life spans about 30%, but only if they possess the SIR2 gene. 

Furthermore, the ability to lose weight in response to calorie-restricted diets does not vary as a function of differences in either insulin resistance or daylong circulating insulin concentrations... 

Improved health habits calorie-restriction diet surgery target cell sirriace differences... 

Anorexic agents—These drugs are appetite suppressants which are used as part of the treatment for obesity, augmenting the other part of the treatment consisting of a nutritious, calorie-restricted diet. 

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