Sailing ships

Aboard every sailing ship, there was a sail maker/tailor. This tailor s job... 

From the earliest times, ships and boats were propelled by human power and wind power. In the nineteenth ccntui y vciy large and efficient sailing ships (many 70 to 100 m long) were transporting passen-... 

Sugar soon became the cornerstone of the infamous triangular trade. New England sailing ships picked up molasses, a by-product of sugar refining, from the West Indies. Then they took it to New England to make rum, sold the rum to slave traders in Africa, and transported slaves back to the... 

The first iron used by man came from meteorites. It was very scarce, and was used mainly as an ornament. About the same time the alphabet was being discovered, clever craftsmen learned to extract, or smelt, iron from ores, using very hot furnaces. It was shaped into plows for tilling fields and into sailing ship parts. It was used to make wheels and to build buildings. 

The term vitamin is a misnomer, the name means vital amines, and while vitamins are essential for life they are not, as was originally supposed, amines. Most vitamins were discovered as a result of a deficiency disease produced by a restricted diet. Long voyages on sailing ships with a diet composed of ship s biscuit, dried beans, dried peas and salted meat produced scurvy. In the worst cases the whole crew were affected, but the ship s officers tended to be less severely affected. 

Hemp was grown in Colonial and Revolutionary America. Indeed, farmers were sometimes required to grow hemp because it was used to make ropes for the sailing ships that were the lifeblood of international commerce and military power. 

After the American Revolution, American settlers continued to grow hemp of excellent quality in the land now known as Kentucky. Hemp fiber continued to be a cash crop, the source of rope that rigged many of the world s sailing ships, and the rugged fabric that covered settlers wagons as they made their way westward. Canvas, another hemp product, was widely used for sails in the shipping industry. A remarkably durable cloth, it is one of the few that seawater does not rot or mildew. (The word canvas is rooted in cannabis. )... 

This process confers the uniqueness, peculiarity, and specificity of Madeira wine. It is meant to simulate the effects of a long sea voyage of aging barrels through tropical climates. As noted, the benefits of this exposure were discovered in the seventeenth century, where casks of Madeira were stored in the warm, humid holds of sailing ships for months at a time. It led to the employment of the technique of baking used today. 

Vitamin C (Figure 6.6) is water-soluble and quite a small molecule. A lack of vitamin C can lead to a complaint called scurvy . In the days of the sailing ships and long sea voyages, British sailors knew about this and on long journeys, say to Australia, would take fruit on board, particularly lemons and limes. They were called Limeys by the Australians, which is still used as a nick-name. 

Roman fullers put out pitchers at the street corners to collect urine. As repugnant as it seems to many, it should be noted that stale urine was used for cleaning clothes from Roman times up to the nineteenth century, when it was still in use on sailing ships. j5 ... 

FIGURE 9-2 Modem abaca or manila rope, which is derived from a plant in the banana family, was the major line used on sailing ships because of its superior saltwater resistance (Courtesy Phoenix Rope and Cordage Company). 

The mass-transport-limited current density for oxygen reduction is independent of the kinetic parameters for this reaction rather it depends on factors such as the concentration and the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in the medium. It depends oh the rate of flow of the liquid in a pipe or around a sailing ship or a structure immersed in a river. 

Thin strips of elegant ivory can be soaked in water and gently bent into a curved shape. Examples of this are the sails in carvings of sailing ships (Fig. 3.7). Ivory cannot be moulded. 

Until World War II (1939-1945), mostof the finest toys in the world were made of tin-plated metal. The earliest of these toys were made in the early 1800s. They were based on common objects and events, such as trains, horse-drawn carriages, sailing ships, soldiers, and people from everyday life. 

Prior to the 20th century, when trade across the Atlantic Ocean depended on sailing ships, ships leaving Europe often would sail south to pick up the... 

These remote ports bristled with the masts of sailing ships from all over the world, but mainly from Europe. The ships were drawn by one thing only thick layers of mineral deposits that lay fifty miles inland, hidden within bone-dry plateaus a few thousand feet above sea level. The rock, called caliche, held concentrated nitrogen, a substance essential for the waging of warfare and the growing of food. 

Star Clippers 800-442-055 I starclip pers.com These tall sailing ships are small enough to ply the protected coves and lesser-known harbors. The cruise line caters to couples looking for off-the-beaten path itineraries and simple yet elegant amenities. 

The exothermic reaction of quicklime with water and the rather small specific heats of both quicklime (0.946 J/g °C) and slaked lime (1.20 J/g °C) make it hazardous to store and transport lime in vessels made of wood. Wooden sailing ships carrying lime would occasionally catch fire when water leaked into the hold, (a) If a 500-g sample of water reacts with an equimolar amount of CaO (both at an initial temperature of 25 °C), what is the final temperature of the product, Ca(OH)2 Assume that the product absorbs all of the heat released in the reaction, (b) Given that the standard enthalpies of formation of CaO and H2O are —635.6 kJ/mol and —285.8 kJ/mol, respectively, calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of Ca(OH)2. 

In 1854, Johann Lorenz Wolirum, his wife, and their two children emigrated to America. The sailing-ship voyage from Hamburg to New York took fifty-four days. The family settled in a log cabin near Weaver s Comers, Sherman Township, Huron County, Ohio, where Lorenz attempted to make a living as a weaver. He died in 1856, leaving his widow and children practically destitute. 

The captain of a sailing ship challenged the leader of his mutinous crew to a bet, with the winner to take the ship as prize. The captain mixed oil and beer In a large earthenware jug and Immediately poured the mixture Into two pewter tankards. The captain quickly picked up a tankard and drank down Its contents In one go, but the crewman was unable to drink more than a mouthful. Explain how the captain won his bet. 

The first major vitamin to be recognised in terms of its influence was vitamin C. This emerged as it was realised that scurvy, a disease of sailors in the days of journeys of many months in sailing ships, was the result of a severely restricted diet, and that it could be relieved or prevented with plant-derived material. Jacques Cartier gave his men a decoction of pine needles James Cook took the simpler option of taking citrus fruit on board and to this day Americans refer to British servicemen as limeys . It was another 150 years before the actual substance responsible for these remarkable effects was isolated from another rich source, green peppers, and identified. Indeed the word vitamin was only introduced in 1912. 

Along the same lines, try to anticipate words that your audience may be unfamiliar with, whether they re spoken by the narrator (and a more familiar word can t be substituted) or spoken by an interviewee or someone on camera. If the word s meaning is not clear in the context, you may need to set it up. For example, suppose the historic artifacts you re presenting on screen include a bill of sale for a frigate. You might set it up as, That day, the general placed an order for a new sailing ship, one outfitted for war. 

The original M (Bernard Lee) would seldom be seen outside his office, the contents of which included model sail ships, portraits of other Admirals, and a globe depicting British colonies worldwide. 

Replicas ofthe sailing ships Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria of Christopher Columbus, with which he sailed off in 1492 in order to find the sea-route to India, and instead discovered America. 

Large sailing ships, such as the old four-masters, with vertical masts and horizontal yards were once the ubiquitous vessels that carried cargoes or equipped navies. Now a few, either renovated or replicated, still sail as heritage attractions or cadet training ships. They employ a great range of ropes. 

On the day when the sailing ship Astrolabe of Dumont d Urville encountered the Porpoise of Wilkes fleet on the high sea off the coast of East Antarctica, the crews of both ships hoisted full complements of sails and passed without saluting each other in contrast to Bellingshausen and Palmer who preceded them as Antarctic explorers. 

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