Respiratory system dusts

Health and Safety Factors. Ttimesic acid is an irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system (140). It is mildly toxic when iagested. The oral LD q ia tats has been reported as 8.4 g/kg (141). Ttimesic acid is flammable, and precautions similar to those noted for tetephthaUc acid and isophthahc acid as regards dust clouds and fire extinguishing agents should be followed. 

Dusts and other insoluble materials present a particular difficulty to the lungs. Particles that enter the alveoli are removed slowly. For dusts the following simple rule usually applies The smaller the dust particles, the farther they penetrate into the respiratory system. Particles greater than 5 /xm in diameter are usually filtered by the upper respiratory system. Particles with diameters between 2 and 5 /xm generally reach the bronchial system. Particles less than 1 /xm in diameter can reach the alveoli. 

Dust masks, or particulate filter respirators, protect the respiratory system against any kind of inhaled particles. The simplest type, in the form of a cone-shaped fibrous filter that fits over the nose and mouth, is held in place by an elastic band around the back of the head. It is disposable, relatively comfortable to wear, and is useful when the dust is neither excessive nor toxic. It becomes readily clogged and should be discarded and replaced whenever breathing becomes restricted. Its use should not be carried over from day to day. 

In a nested case-control study of cancers associated with chemical exposures in the wood industry, Kauppinen et al. (1986) found a significantly increased risk of respiratory system cancer associated with exposure to phenol and phenol in wood dust. As is often the case in occupational settings, these exposures were confounded by smoking and exposures to other materials like pesticides. The increased risk observed for exposure to phenol was almost 5-fold (odds ratio of 4.94), but showed no dose-related increase. This risk dropped to 4-fold with adjustments for smoking history, and to less than 3-fold (and non-significant) when workers exposed to both phenols and pesticides were excluded from the analysis. 

Although specific dose levels and durations are not available, it is assumed that exposure to the dust may be irritating to the nose and eyes. At elevated temperatures, fumes may cause irritation of the eyes, respiratory system, and skin. 

Under normal conditions of exposure borates are primarily irritants of the skin and respiratory system. Workers exposed to anhydrous sodium tetraborate complained of nasal irritation, nose bleeds, cough, shortness of breath, and dermatitis. Exposure levels were not measured, but total dust levels were described as high enough to obscure visibility in production areas. In another study of borax workers, symptoms of acute respiratory irritation including dryness of the mouth, nose, or throat, cough, nosebleeds, and shortness of breath were related to exposures of 4mg/m or more. ... 

Following inhalation exposure of humans to nickel particles, primarily as nickel oxides and nickel refinery dust, the respiratory system is the primary target. Effects noted included chronic bronchitis, emphysema, reduced vital capacity, and cancers of the lungs and nasal sinus. These effects occurred at... 

The LD50 (rat, oral) of sodium carbonate peroxohydrate is 1034 mg/kg. The occupational exposure limit is 10 mg/m3 per 40-hour week. The compound is a skin and eye irritant inhalation of dust can cause irritation to the mucous membranes and the respiratory system. Decomposition in the presence of organic material can be rapid and highly exothermic. 

Respiratory System. Occupational exposure to metals in the form of metal dust makes the respiratory system a likely target. Acute exposure may cause irritations and... 

When examining the technical and scientific evolution of the respirator, the question of original invention inevitably arises. As Galarraga points out, while it is very likely that human beings used makeshift masks for thousands of years to protect their eyes, mouths and respiratory systems from smoke and dust, the first detailed description of a protective mask is usually credited to Leonardo da Vinci in the early 1500s.80 Ironically,... 

Irritates the skin, eyes and respiratory system. Swallowing would result in internal irritation. Avoid breathing dust. Prevent contact with skin or eyes.1... 

The dust irritates all parts of the respiratory system.28 Skin contact can cause primary irritation and ulceration as well as allergic eczema. The solid and its solutions cause severe eye burns. Swallowing would result in severe internal irritation and damage. Pulmonary irritation and bronchogenic carcinoma may result from breathing chromate dust.1 Avoid inhaling dust. Prevent contact with eyes and skin.28 TLV-TWA 0.5 mg (Cr)/m3.29... 

The dust and vapor irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. Swallowing causes internal irritation and damage. Prolonged exposure to skin may cause burns. Avoid breathing dust. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.4 TLV-TWA 0.1 ppm (1 mg/m3).5... 

Caustic and corrosive to skin and mucous membranes.1 Dust irritates the respiratory system and eyes. Splashing solution into the eyes also causes irritation.4 Swallowing can cause severe internal pain, renal damage, convulsions, coma, and death from cardiovascular collapse.1 Avoid contact with eyes and skin.4 TLV-TWA 1 mg/m3 TLV-... 

The dust and strong solutions irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Swallowing causes irritation and internal damage. Avoid contact with combustible materials. Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.1... 

Vapor and dust severely irritate the mucous membranes and respiratory system. Vapor severely irritates and the solid burns the eyes. The vapor and solid burn the skin. Swallowing would cause internal irritation and damage. Prolonged exposure to low concentrations of vapor may cause damage to lungs. Avoid breathing vapor and dust. Prevent contact with eyes and skin.2 TLV-TWA 0.1 ppm (0.85 mg/m3).12... 

Dust irritates the respiratory system and burns the eyes and skin. Swallowing would cause internal irritation and damage. Prevent contact with eyes and skin.8... 

Dust is irritating to the eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory system.11... 

Hydrogen selenide irritates the nose, eyes, and lung tissue, and disturbs the digestive and nervous systems. Solutions of selenium compounds may burn the skin and cause severe pain by skin absorption. Selenium dioxide dust irritates the respiratory system, eyes, and... 

Public concern for the hazards of particle suspensions in the indoor and outdoor environment has produced regulations limiting particle concentrations and exposure levels. In the workplace, dust hazards are constrained by total mass concentration as well as concentration of specific toxic chemicals. In the ambient air, protection is stipulated in terms of total mass concentration of suspended particles andcertain chemical species, namely, lead and sulfate. Recently, measures of exposure have begun to distinguish between fine particles less than 2.5 fxm and coarse particles between 2.5 and 10 fxm. This separation relates to the ability of particles to penetrate the human respiratory system, and to different sources of fine and coarse particles. 

Different irritant chemicals affect parts of the mammalian respiratory system differently. The upper respiratory tract of the mammalian lung is affected by chemicals such as aldehydes, ammonia, alkaline dust, chromic acid, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and ethylene oxide). It is now known that many fluorine-containing organic compounds, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have played a major role in the asthmatic deaths... 

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