Respiratory disease, treatment

Florfenicol (2) has been approved in Japan for the treatment of pseudo-tuberculosis caused by Pasteurellapiscicida and streptococcosis m. yeUowtail fish. The recommended dose is 10 mg/kg for up to one week and the drug withdrawal time is five days after cessation of treatment. Florfenicol is active in bovine respiratory disease caused by Pasteurella species and mastitis caused by Staphylococci and Streptococci. It is also effective in neonatal cohbacillosis caused by E. coli. The drug is being developed worldwide by Schering-Plough Animal Health for the treatment of aquatic and bovine diseases. 

Antibiotic LL-E19020a and LL-E19020P are described as useful agents for the treatment of chronic respiratory disease, fowl cholera, and necrotic enteritis in birds (76) and as anthelmintics in monogastric and mminant animals (28). 

Rhinitis is characterized by nasal stuffiness with partial or full obstmction, and itching of the nose, eyes, palate, or pharynx, sneezing, and rhinorrhoea. If left untreated it can lead to more serious respiratory diseases such as sinusitis or asthma. Although several types of dmgs are available for treatment, nasal spray topical corticosteroids are widely regarded as the reference standard in rhinitis therapy (250). 

Rouhi, A.M. a peptoid promise Synthetic lung surfactant mimics may widen access to treatment of respiratory disease. Chem. Eng. News 2001, 79, 50-51. 

Akron Research Commercialization Corp. has recently disclosed a drug candidate based on Ag-NHC complexes (Silvamist ). These NHC complexes were proven efficient for the treatment of respiratory diseases, and the company is currently applying for Investigational New Drug (IND) status with the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration)... 

As a more sensitive detection method, MS can be very useful in amino acid determinations. For example, S-carboxymethyl-(R) cysteine or SCMC, is a mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory diseases. The development of a method utilizing high performance IEC and atmospheric pressure ionization (API) mass spectrometry to quantify SCMC in plasma has been described.66 This method is simple (no derivatization needed), rapid (inn time 16 min.), sensitive (limit of quantification 200 ng/mL in human plasma), and has an overall throughput of more than 60 analyses per day. API-MS was used successfully with IEC to determine other sulfur-containing amino acids and their cyclic compounds in human urine.67 IEC has also been used as a cleanup step for amino acids prior to their derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography (GC), either alone or in conjunction with MS.68 69... 

Halliday (1990), a Senior Veterinary Investigation Officer, records that he had an apparently effective response to the treatment of respiratory disease in calves, with a combination of Bryonia alba and Hepar sulphuris. In subsequent years, some animals with similar respiratory signs were left untreated as controls. They also recovered, apparently as rapidly and as effectively as the homoeopathically treated calves. 

Furthermore, pH determination has been used in other clinical research, both alone and in combination with other measurements. This research includes studies into the relationship between extracellular and intracellular pH in an ischemic heart [6, 7], the pH of airway lining fluid in respiratory disease [8], the study of pH as a marker for pyloric stenosis [9], malnutrition in alkalotic peritoneal dialysis patients [10], pH modulation of heterosexual HIV transmission [11, 12], and wound prevention and treatment [13], In addition, pH changes due to blood acidosis have been used to trigger and pace the ventricular rate of an implanted cardiac pacemaker [14], Research using pH measurements... 

Amphotericin B is generally preferred as initial therapy in patients with rapidly progressive disease, whereas azoles are generally preferred in patients with subacute or chronic presentations. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B have not been extensively studied for coccidioidomycosis but can offer a means of giving more drug with less toxicity. Treatments for primary respiratory disease (mainly symptomatic patients) are 3- to 6-month courses of therapy. 

In a patient with chronic respiratory acidosis (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), treatment is essentially similar to that for acute respiratory acidosis with a few important exceptions. Oxygen therapy should be initiated carefully and only if the Pao2 is less than 50 mm Hg because the drive to breathe depends on hypoxemia rather than hypercarbia. 

Tetrafluoroethane has been tested in metered-dose inhalers for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Test subjects included adult and pediatric asthmatic patients as well as individuals with severe COPD. No adverse effects were reported (Smith et al. 1994 Taggart et al. 1994 Ventresca 1995 Woodcock 1995). Structurally related compounds, including 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichlorofluoromethane, were also tested for cardiac sensitization in dogs with experimentally induced myocardial infarctions. In these experiments cardiac sensitization occurred at the same concentration as in healthy dogs (Trochimowicz et al. 1976). Thus, no sensitive or particularly susceptible populations can be identified for HFC-134a. 

A series of 7-diazabicycloalkyl quinolones has been prepared and found to exhibit excellent broad spectrum activity against important veterinary pathogenic bacteria [105], The structures of several of these interesting bicyclic analogues (76) as well as MIC data are summarized in Table 6.28. Compound (76e) (danofloxacin), which also exhibits excellent p.o. and s.c. activity in a mouse protection model for Pasteurella multocida [ 106], is undergoing development for use in veterinary medicine. It has been shown to exhibit excellent bioavailability properties in cattle, swine and poultry [107] and is efficacious in models for the treatment of respiratory diseases in food-producing animals [108],... 

The inhalation route for administering drugs into the pulmonary system for treatment of respiratory diseases eliminates many bioavailability problems such as plasma binding and first-pass metabolism, which are encountered in parenteral or oral administration. Consequently, a small inhalation dose is adequate for achieving... 

Aerosolised medicines have been used for centuries to treat respiratory diseases, with inhalation therapy for the airways focused primarily on the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The development of new products for delivery to the lungs for these respiratory diseases includes new steroids and beta agonists plus combination products featuring both agents. New classes of anti-asthma medication are also being developed for inhalation with the aim of delivering them directly to the inflamed airways. 

Respiratory disease Appropriate ventilatory support is the primary treatment of patients with serious lung disease who experience serious respiratory depression due to benzodiazepines rather than the administration of flumazenil. 

Underlying respiratory disease Zanamivir has not been shown to be effective and may carry risk in patients with severe or decompensated COPD or asthma, and serious adverse events have been reported in such patients. Therefore, zanamivir is not generally recommended for treatment of patients with underlying airways disease such as asthma or COPD. 

We found that supplementation of vitamin A in the form of an aerosol is an effective, safe, and routinely manageable method to enhance vitamin A and RBP concentrations. Consequently, this modality of treatment may serve as an alternative vitamin A therapy during chronic or acute episodes of malnutrition, malabsorption, or in case of insufficient compliance to other therapies and might be useful in respiratory diseases associated with vitamin A deficiency. 

Adapted from C.J. van Boxtel. Mission Report Development of Standard Treatment Guidelines (HIV/AIDS, Respiratory Diseases, Gastrointestinal Diseases), World Health Organisation, Manila, Philippines, 2003. 

Oseltamivir may not be indicated for use in certain individuals. Its efficacy in patients with chronic cardiac or respiratory disease has not been established. In clinical trials, no difference in the incidence of complications was seen between treatment and control groups. The efficacy of oseltamivir has not been demonstrated in immunocompromised patients, patients who begin treatment after 40 hours of symptoms, or patients given repeated prophylactic courses of therapy. Dosage adjustment is recommended for individuals with renal insufficiency the drug s safety in patients with hepatic insufficiency is unknown. 

Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside complex produced by Streptomyces ka-namyceticus. It is comprised of three components, kanamycin A being the major component and kanamycins B and C minor congeners. Kanamycin is active against many pathogenic bacteria and has been used parenterally for treatment of bovine respiratory disease, mastitis, and other infectious conditions. A popular combination used in horses and cattle with respiratory disease is kanamycin and penicillin G. It is also used orally for treatment of bacterial enteritis because limited absorption occurs after oral administration. 

Florfenicol is a fluorinated derivative of thiamphenicol developed in the United States for use exclusively in veterinary medicine. It has been approved for treatment of bovine respiratory disease in the United States (39). Florfenicol has been also recently approved in Japan for use by the aquaculture industry to prevent yellowtail disease. 

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