Commercial research

The focus of commercial research as of the mid-1990s is on catalysts that give desired and tailored polymer properties for improved processing. Development of metallocene catalyst systems is an example. Exxon, Dow, and Union Carbide are carrying out extensive research on this catalyst system for the production of polyethylene and polypropylene. 

A striking feature of disperse dye development in recent decades has been the steady growth in bathochromic azo blue dyes to replace the tinctorially weaker and more costly anthraquinone blues. One approach is represented by heavily nuclei-substituted derivatives of N,N-disubstituted 4-aminoazobenzenes, in which electron donor groups (e.g. 2-acylamino-5-alkoxy) are introduced into the aniline coupler residue and acceptor groups (acetyl, cyano or nitro) into the 2,4,6-positions of the diazo component. A PPP-MO study of the mobility of substituent configurations in such systems demonstrated that coplanarity of the two aryl rings could only be maintained if at least one of the 2,6-substituents was cyano. Thus much commercial research effort was directed towards these more bathochromic o-cyano-substituted dyes. 

Removing redundancies reduced the number of compounds in this set to about 1.8 million. An additional set of criteria based upon properties associated with druglikeness were used to further reduce the set, which we called the Commercial Research Chemicals Directory (CRCD), to just above one miUion compounds. The... 

In industrial applications the achievement of higher activity and selectivity is of course desirable. However, beyond a certain point, they are not the driving forces for extensive research. For instance, current processes for epoxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide on silver catalysts are so optimized that further increases in selectivity could upset the heat-balance of the process. Amoco s phthalic acid and maleic anhydride processes are similarly well energy-integrated (7). Rather than incremental improvements in performance, forces driving commercial research have been... 

There is enough blame to go around for the confusion. Industrial scientists have necessarily been secretive due to the commercial importance of the discovery and to the cutthroat competition between companies. Most of this great mountain of commercial research has focused not so much on understanding the catalyst, as on exploiting it, and the bulk of this information remains secret. 

Plants used in micro reaction technology span a wide range of geometrical scales and operational limits. Also a variety of application modes such as commercial, research or training purposes are found. Supplier-specific set-ups exist which intend... 

In practice, compliance with the published protocols and procedures is not simple and straightforward. Prior informed consent (PIC) is required for both an Academic Research Agreement (ARA) and a Commercial Research Agreement (CRA). However, in the case of the ARA, the application may be processed and the ARA may be executed without the PIC certificate, provided the certificate is acquired by the principal investigator/collector prior to the actual bioprospecting activity. 

As a result of this ambiguity, many countries have placed barriers on the exporting of biological materials, even for non-commercial research. In retrospect, rather than fuelling biodiversity conservation, the CBD has raised unrealistic expectations and has proved inadequate to cope with the complexity of drug discovery. 

During the late 40s and 50s, commercial research was centered upon the identification of cidal-type products. At the same time, a few companies started to anticipate the day when there would be a substantial number of chemical tools available to control weeds, insects, and diseases. 

ALMOST FOUR IN TEN FOOD CHEMISTS WORK FOR FEDERAL, STATE OR LOCAL governments, especially concentrated in the US Department of Agriculture. Some work for agricultural service companies in the private sector, while others work for commercial research and development laboratories, wholesale distributors and food products companies. Over 1,600 food chemists are self-employed as consultants. 

Collaborative arrangements between academic researchers and pharmaceutical firms represent an implicit transfer of federally supported research and knowledge to the private sector. As opportunities to commercialize research findings in the life sciences have grown, so too has interest in... 

The CFR does not differentiate between the "commercial" and "non-commercial," research," or "compassionate" IND. The three general "types" of INDs below are often mentioned, but again the nomenclature used is not recognized by 21 CFR312.3. The term Commercial IND is defined in CDER s MAPP... 

Formation of toxic products by chemical modification is perhaps the area which will receive the most attention in future investigations. The possibility of forming toxic products frightens commercial research directors and higher administrators in industry. Toxicity in a protein is not a simple matter because of the complexities of protein structure and protein digestion in the digestive tract. A chemically modified protein might be toxic as ... 

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