Resourcing, waste, processes

Processing Techniques for Solid Wastes Processing techniques are used in solid-waste-management systems to (I) improve the efficiency of the systems, (2) to recover resources (usable materials), and (3) to prepare materials for recoveiy of conversion produc ts and energy. The more important techniques used for processing solid wastes are summarized in Tables 25-61 and 25-62. 

Several potential and mutant strains of T. viride have been identified in SCP production. Their capacity for amyloletic enzyme production was enhanced severalfold in SCP from lingnocellulosic resources. The process of bioconversion of agricultural wastes to SCP appeared to be too complex to find an economic application for agricultural waste. 

When nonrenewable mineral resources are processed for metal extraction and the metals extracted are utilized in various ways and in diverse forms, they become potentially available for reclamation and recycling. Recycled metals produced by the extraction and refining of metallic wastes are known as secondary metals, whereas metals produced from primary ores are termed primary metals. A classification of recyclable metalliferous resources such... 

With the increasing costs of raw materials and the threat of depletion of world reserves of many resources, electrochemical processes should become more attractive to reuse and recycle wastes/materials. The recovery of metals in chemical solutions is very important from both the environmental and economical view points [232]. 

The laws of mass and energy conservation and the second law combined give a sharp insight into the industrial process, its resources, waste, and losses (Figure 13.14). We wish to illustrate this in a simplified example [30]. Suppose we want to produce metal X from its oxide XO, which is readily found in nature as a resource. The most elementary reaction to handle this transformation is... 

The disposal of municipal and industrial wastes has become an important problem because the traditional means of disposal, landfill, has become environmentally much less acceptable than previously. In addition, special incinerator systems are required to meet environmental standards for disposal by incineration. Disposal of wastes by landfill or incineration also includes a potential loss of energy sources and, in some cases, valuable mineral resources. New, much stricter regulation of these disposal methods will make the economics of waste processing for resource recovery much more favorable. 

Resource Recovery Process System Developed by National Project. Phase I of the national project was carried out from 1973 to 1976 for developing the feasible technology and systems of resource recovery from solid wastes, and the demonstration plant (100 tons/day) for the material - reclamation system in phase II is under construction. The pyrolysis processes which have been developed in phase I of the national project are as follows ... 

OEC has been used to reduce NOx in a fixed-based resource recovery process.20 Giant Resource Recovery (GRR) is a subsidiary of the Giant Group, Ltd., which is involved with cement manufacture and the use of waste materials as fuel and raw materials supplements. GRR processes creosote-contaminated soil through countercurrent rotary kilns. By a patented process, the decontaminated soil is then used as a raw material for cement production, thus replacing a certain portion of the traditional feed material stream. The combustion products are ducted into the cement kilns. 

Other Requirements. Success of source reduction reviews depended upon a reasonable assessment methodology that would identify the most wasteful processes and develop suggestions to improve them without requiring large resource expenditures on the Agency s part. A basic premise was that chemists could identify quickly those PMN cases with the greatest waste so that intensive review and development of options for reducing the wastes would only be done on the most appropriate cases. 

Plastics waste processing, in particular, has direct links with the conservation of energy and natural resources, and the development of technology is the best solution to deal with plastics waste material. Plastics processing is used to recycle waste, which is driven by the potential depletion of raw materials and socio-economic factors. However, the direct reprocessing of plastics waste is limited due to contamination or the mixture of different kinds of materials. 

The task is to shape inter-company supply chains and to constantly improve them in such a way as if all performance were to be rendered by a single responsible institution. After all your customers are only interested in the legal boundaries of the partner enterprises that take part in the performance processes to the extent that they have advantages in terms of time and price through the professional accomplishment of the tasks at hand. Consequently, a supply chain should only include those processes which must actually be performed for the customer. The supply chain concept at the very least encourages us to eliminate the time and resource waste between enterprises and to plan and control the network of businesses as enterprise. 

These descriptions of liquid membrane technology provide state-of-the-art information for both the novice and the practitioner. Chemists who work in metal-ion complexation and separation, carrier synthesis, and nuclear chemistry will want a copy of this book. Chemical engineers involved in gas processing, metals recovery, and nuclear-waste processing will also find this book to be a valuable resource. 

Moving business into virtualization brings undoubtedly many benefits. First, server consolidation allows increasing the utilization of physical servers. Many servers use only 10 to 15% of hardware re-sources (Portnoy 2012), thus other resources are wasted. Such a solution is very unprofitable. Virtualization gives the way to better utilization of resources. Moving processing environments to virtual machines decreases the number of physical machines with utilization ratio up to 90% (Portnoy 2012). Fewer servers also reduce the costs of power consumption as well as money spends on hardware maintenance. 

Technologies to minimize resource consumption, to promote waste recovery and to develop clean processes and products... 

Resource Conservation and ecoveTy Jict. The RCRA focuses on the proper disposition of waste from industrial processes. The interface to printing ink is primarily solvents, which can be flammable, and ingredients in ink that can contribute to the presence of certain heavy metals. The proper interface is the safe disposal of waste inks, but is often confused with disposal of printing matter. 

---