Economic applications

The stirring produces the end product in the desired divided-sohds form. Hence, it is frequently termed a granulator or a ciystaUizer. A variety of factoiy-made sizes in various materials of construction are available. Initial cost is modest, while operating cost is rather high (as is true of all batch devices), but the ability to process gummy burdens and/or simultaneously effect two unit operations often yields an economical application. 

The batch handling of wet or semidry crystalline materials is substantially more difficult than the storing and handling of dry crystalline materials. A batch operation has economic application only on a relatively small scale or when temperature or product characteristics require unusual precautions. 

Paulus, C.F. and Bellack, J.H., Progress in generator leads Economical application of forced cooling , Trans. IEEE, 88, February, 175-180 (1969). 

Fig. 22-1 Economic application range for cathodic protection with magnesium anodes or with impressed current.

This process uses propylene carbonate as a physical solvent to remove CO2 and H2S. Propylene carbonate also removes C2+ hydrocarbons, COS, SO2, CS2, and H2O from the natural gas stream. Thus, in one step the natural gas can be sweetened and dehydrated to pipeline quality. In general, this process is used for bulk removal of CO2 and is not used to treat to less than 3% CO2, as may be required for pipeline quality gas. The system requires special design features, larger absorbers, and higher circulation rates to obtain pipeline quality and usually is not economically applicable for these outlet requirements. 

Several potential and mutant strains of T. viride have been identified in SCP production. Their capacity for amyloletic enzyme production was enhanced severalfold in SCP from lingnocellulosic resources. The process of bioconversion of agricultural wastes to SCP appeared to be too complex to find an economic application for agricultural waste. 

PP/EPDM-Vs are marketed in two series, one for technical applications and the other for general-purpose and economical applications. Differences concern technical performances and cost. 

These properties make CoTAA a good catalyst for the anodic oxidation of formic acid. Economic application of this catalyst is, however, not anticipated because formic acid is not economically attractive as a fuel. It is certainly possible to prepare electrodes containing a mixture of tungsten carbide and CoTAA as catalyst, with the tungsten carbide catalyzing the first stage of the oxidation of CH2O to HCOOH, and the CoTAA the further oxidation of HCOOH to CO 2, but this possibility does not offer any more favorable prospects. Economic application of CoTAA will only come into question when cheap catalysts are available for the partial oxidization of methanol to formaldehyde or formic acid. 

Because they are important, the phenolics and their roles in wine have been studied considerably (I), but more needs to be known. Since different classes of phenols behave quite differently in the various roles as pigments, oxidation substrates, flavors, etc., separate consideration and analysis is essential to completely understand them. Every individual phenol should be separately determined precisely and quantitatively. Chromatography may solve these problems, but for now, chromatography and other detailed separatory methods have drawbacks, particularly for economical application to many individual wine or grape samples. 

The principal design feature that permits economical application of the wet/dry tower is the summer damper component. This is a door-like air flow restrictor that is located in the heated dry air stream between the air-cooled heat exchanger and the fan. Its purpose is to reduce the air flow through the dry stream, while boosting the air flow in the wet stream, thereby enhancing the wet section thermal performance during summer operation. 

H202 has been a popular oxidizing agent for decades in the textile, electronics and pulp and paper industries [125]. Applications of H202 in bulk chemistry have been reviewed in a few papers [126, 127]. In the H202 oxidation of benzene to phenol a selectivity of 90 + % has been reported with catalysts based on TS-1 [128] and/or Ti-MCM-41 [129] at reasonable conversion levels. However, H202 is too expensive compared to the frequently applied air and/or oxygen, and so there are no drivers for economically sustainable and economic application. 

Because of its extremely low abundance, short half-life, and high radioactivity, neither francium nor its compounds have economic applications. see also Alkali Metals Curie, Marie Sklodowska Mendeleev, Dimitri Radioactivity. 

The cost of accomplishing such rupture is theoretically so low that the possibility of economic application is very promising. 

The critical need for equipment which would quickly thaw frozen materials was satisfied by use of these dielectric heaters. The librarians and conservator could identify the extent of damage to each item and effectively plan the restoration required. The economical application of dielectric and microwave drying to coated-paper books needs a major breakthrough to bring about success. 

The use of antibody catalysis is attracting attention, especially because antibody catalysis is as yet the only approach available which uses an ab initio method for the development of new catalysts for example, the antibody mimics the shape of a transition state of the substrates, thus enhancing catalytic reaction rates. Economic application may lie far in the future, however. There is no such approach available in classical metal (complex) catalysis, however, and we have to rely on the development of known catalytic reactions and the development of accidentally discovered leads. 

A. Heller and his group has suggested using these photocatalytic methods for treatment of oil slicks, which is a very interesting and economical application [222]. In order to keep the photocatalytic material on the surface of the sea, these researchers have deposited the Ti02 on hollow microbeads of aluminosilicate. The properties of these microsystems are still under investigation. 

Now, you might say, Who should do this and why should they do it Well, I pointed out a few of the economic applications, but I know that the reason that you would do it might be just for fun. But have some fun Let s have a competition between laboratories. Let one laboratory make a tiny motor which it sends to another lab which sends it back with a thing that fits inside the shaft of the first motor. 

Recent design improvements with respect to yields, thermal efficiency, feed stock flexibility, and environmental protection are discussed. Also, it is shown that heavy feeds (such as hydrocracker residues) are good feed stocks for olefin production if they are cracked at the proper conditions. Furthermore, the economic application of design improvements to both the radiant and the convection sections in existing furnaces is shown. 

Future Applications. If nuclear power becomes more prevelant, or if stack gas-desulfurization processes are brought to the point of economic application, the market for low sulfur fuel oil may shrink and the price will decrease. Under either of these circumstances we would revert to the classic U.S. position in which high sulfur vacuum residue is a marginal product and a candidate for conversion to lighter materials. 

A batch operation usually has economic application only on small scale, or when multiple products are produced in common facilities. 

The second type is a group of processes which involve grafting onto natural materials or waste products.Here, the goal is to utilize these materials in a simple and economical fashion. The conditions of grafting are not well controlled because of the complex nature of the substrates. This affects results. Products of these grafting processes are useful to merely fill polymers without detracting from their properties. This work will prove useful, particularly in the recovery of materials from recycling streams. At the same time, a substantial effort will be required to develop these processes with an economical application in mind. 

Vogt, D. (2005) Economical applications (SHOP process), in Multiphase Homogeneous Catalysis (eds B. Comils et al), Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim,... 

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