Socio-economic factors

Effective solid waste management requires knowledge of factors such as  

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Often solutions have been found empirically, by trial and error. Acceptable solutions can be found, and gifted planners or regulators often develop good intuitive abilities, also taking into account socio-economic factors. However, the linear approach that often works properly for tame problems usually ends in a fiasco when tackling wicked problems. 

In addition to the ubiquitous factor of corruption, there is a number of socio-economic factors, many of which are specific to some countries or specific areas inside a country ... 

What are the level, interactions, and significance of the human dimension (i.e., socio-economic factors) in the development of society and its role in global environmental changes ... 

What information about ecodynamics and socio-economic factors is needed to evaluate the respective cumulative risks for human health ... 

Initial studies of affected households showed a low standard of living, poor hygienic level, and insufficient nutrition. However, socio-economic factors, including living conditions and well water quality, did not differ between contiguous affected and non-affected households or between endemic and neighboring non-endemic villages. 

Biomarkers can demonstrate that exposure to soil contaminants does occur in many cases, but it is extremely difficult to demonstrate a cause and effect relationship because the interaction between humans and environmental agents may not elicit a noticeable (measurable) health effect. Furthermore, there may be the confounding effects of exposure from other sources and other substances and from socio-economic factors such as deprivation. 

A substance not able to satisfy the criteria for an OES and which has, or is liable to have, a serious risk to man including acute toxicity and/or potential to cause serious long-term health effects or Socio-economic factors, which indicate that, although the substance meets the criteria for an OES, a numerically higher value is necessary if certain uses are to be reasonably practicable. 

The term binding occupational exposure limit value (BOELV) was introduced in article 3,4 of the chemical agents directive 98/24/EC. This type of Hmit is established in accordance to J 118 a of the European Treaty and is Hsted in the annex of this directive. According to the procedure for incorporation of limit values into national laws, the EU member states are required to adopt a national occupational exposure limit, which may be equal to or below the Hmit, but not higher than the BOELV. The procedure for establishing BOELV is quite complicated. Besides the toxicological properties, feasibility plays an important role. This includes technical aspects as well as considerations of the excess risk at estimated exposure levels. The acceptable-risk approach for genotoxic substances requires intense discussions on socio-economic factors between aU interested parties. 

These socio-economic factors contribute to a stability within the individual and society which, in turn, creates a favorable climate for reflective thinking which, in turn, leads to discovery and innovation. 

An exploratory representation of complex relationships amongst physical, biological, and socio-economic factors or indicators (quantitative or qualitative). 

VI. Socio-Economic Factors and Risk There are many socioeconomic factors that contribute to the causes of accidents. Some of the major factors are the following ... 

Illiteracy Bester (2001) has analysed socio-economic factors in different countries and he found that the illiteracy percentage has a statistically significant effect on the national fatality rate. He explained that a country that can read and write is expected to influence the ability of road users to understand the rules of the road and road signs. 

Bester (2001) has developed a model by means of stepwise regression analysis. The criteria will indicate the variables that should be added or removed in the model. The study used collected data from different international sources and the variables used are national infrastructure and socio-economic factors (e.g. GDP per capita). 

The data period in this study is from 1994 to 2003. In a few cases it was necessary to combine data from different years to make a calculation of accident rates. The basic collected variables were population, vehicles in use, road casualties, and some main socio-economic factors and, from these, other statistics were derived to determine underlying patterns. The main source of data, as mentioned before, is the ASNet accident database for the ASEAN region that we developed. 

Plastics waste processing, in particular, has direct links with the conservation of energy and natural resources, and the development of technology is the best solution to deal with plastics waste material. Plastics processing is used to recycle waste, which is driven by the potential depletion of raw materials and socio-economic factors. However, the direct reprocessing of plastics waste is limited due to contamination or the mixture of different kinds of materials. 

An MEL value may be set for a substance which is unable to satisfy the above OES criteria and which may present serious short- and/or long-term risks to man. In some cases where a substance has been assigned an OES value, a numerically higher MEL figure may be assigned because socio-economic factors require that substance s use in certain processes. 

Earthquakes and their socio-economic consequences will continue to dominate headlines as highlighted in the chapter. The need to consider the severity and long-term impacts of socio-economic factors in earthquake risk reduction and disaster management is therefore crucial. Echoing the recommendations drawn from investigating socio-economic impacts of Iranian earthquakes by Hosseini et al. (2013) includes ... 

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