Resources proven

Using estimates of proven reserves and commitments to energy and chemical uses of gas resources, the net surplus of natural gas in a number of different countries that might be available for major fuel methanol projects has been determined. These are more than adequate to support methanol as a motor fuel. 

The gas reservoirs located ia very deep waters, ia coal beds, and ia tight sands are now more accessible. Fifteen percent of the U.S. gas supply ia 1992 was derived from tight sand formations and 1.4 x 10 of coal-bed methane was added to the proven reserves (22). In 1992, U.S. proven reserves were placed at 4.67 x 10 ia the lower 48 states, and it was estimated that the identified gas resource ia the United States and Canada exceeds 3.4 X 10. Based on the 1992 rate of natural gas consumption, the United States has between 8 and 10 years of proven reserves and a domestic... 

Immobile hydrocarbon sources requite refining processes involving hydrogenation. Additional hydrogen is also requited to eliminate sources of sulfur and nitrogen oxides that would be emitted to the environment. Resources can be classified as mostiy consumed, proven but stiU in the ground, and yet to be discovered. A reasonable estimate for the proven reserves for cmde oil is estimated at 140 x 10 t (1.0 x 10 bbl) (4). In 1950 the United States proven reserves were 32% of the world s reserve. In 1975 this percentage had decreased to 5%, and by 1993 it was down to 2.5%. Since 1950 the dominance of... 

Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR) refers to uranium in known mineral deposits of size, grade, and configuration such that recovery is within the given production cost ranges with currentiy proven mining and processing technology. The majority of these resources are found in AustraUa, Brazil,... 

Comprehensive reviews of energy sources are pubflshed by the World Energy Conference, formerly the World Power Conference at six-year intervals (83). The 1986 survey includes reserves and also gives total resources. In 1986 the total proven reserves of recoverable soHd fuels were given as 6 X 10 metric tons. One metric ton is defined as 29.2 x 10 MJ (27.7 x 10 Btu) to provide for the variation of calorific value in different coals. The total estimated additional reserves recoverable and total estimated additional amount in place are 2.2 x 10 and 7.7 x 10 metric tons, respectively. These figures are about double the 1913 estimates, primarily because significantly increased reserves have been indicated for Russia. 

The part of the resource that is economically recoverable varies by country. The estimates made in the survey show that the proven recoverable reserves would last about 1200 years at the 1988 annual rate of production and that the estimated additional amount in place represent almost 1700 years at 1988 annual consumption. 

Fuel Proven reserves Estimated undiscovered recoverable reserves Estimated identified and undiscovered resources... 

The proven reserves of natural gas in the United States total about 4.58 Tm (1.62 X 10 fF). Production in 1993 was about 0.51 Tm (1.8 X 10 fF). Revisions and adjustments to the existing resource base, together with modest new additions to proven reserves, have held the recent decline in reserves to about 1.6 percent per year. 

Coal is the most abundant and most economical fossil fuel resource in the world. Proven coal reseiwes exceed 1 trillion tons, and indicated reserves are estimated at 24 trillion tons. Coal is found in eveiy continent of the world, including Antarctica, although the largest quantities of coal are in the Northern Hemisphere. Coal is mined in some sixty countries in nineteen coal basins around the world, but more than 57 percent of the world s total recoverable reserves are estimated to be in the United States, and China, which together account for more than two-thirds of the world s coal production. 

Development of new proven petroleum resources are also cost-intensive operations, but generally lack the high risk of nearly total capital loss that exists in exploration... 

There are hidden gold mines under our noses—in house data becomes the new lamps for old on the tons of old clinical data from 50 years of R D— but of course, none of it is electronically accessible. It is called a library Many organizations have undertaken huge OCR (optical character recognition) projects to scan laboratory notebooks—some data even exists on microfilm and microfiche. As it is a legal requirement for a drug submission to provide provenance of scanned notebooks [38], paper, and microfilm, many businesses concentrate solely on the capture and verification of this data, rather than considering it a valuable resource to be remined. 

Of course, the term proven efficacy is central to any resource investment in this area. Basic information on time and dose responses in humans to complex foods rich in carotenoids (and other phytochemicals) is pitifully small. Much of our information is based upon inadequate databases derived from chemical analysis, in vitro models that have not been properly evaluated or validated, and short-term, high-dose human studies. Future research progress requires much more rigorous debate on the experimental systems employed... 

Recently, the genetic information has been tremendously expanded and the functions of the proteins are assumed and discussed hy homology comparison of their primary and higher structures. However, it goes without saying that their functions are not fully understood by these methods, until the properties of the proteins are proven hy experiments. It is one of the surest ways to express the gene and prove its functions by actual experiments, if one would really like to use the genetic resources. 

Although most work to date has focused on the enzyme inhibition aspect, it is possible that the monoclonal VAP-1 antibody discussed above may well be closer to the clinic. The task of designing small molecules to interfere with cell-cell recognition is certainly feasible, but this will not be a trivial effort, more akin to the search for selective selectin antagonists which has proven to be very challenging. As confidence grows in the pharmaceutical industry that SSAO/VAP-1 is a validated target, it is inevitable that considerable resources will be directed to all avenues to block the functional action of this protein. 

Early detection of HIV infection is vital in controlling its spread however, individuals in resource-limited settings feel they have no reason to find ouf about their HIV status if there are no treatment interventions. The availability of freafmenf will acf as an incentive for these individuals to seek testing and counseling. There is also a strong need to create and sustain a medical and public health infrastructure in the developing world and also scale up proven prevention strategies. 

Langton, J.P. 1996. Relative age, stratigraphic position, and provenance of new sedimentary formations in the eastern Bathurst Camp, New Brunswick. In Carroll, B.M.W., (ed.). New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy - Current Research, 96-1, 61-71. 

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