Fossil reserves

The consumption of fossil fuels is not sustainable. With business as usual, the proven and economically recoverable fossil reserves will be exhausted in little more than 100 years. Substitution of fossil fuels is therefore required anyway on the long term. If CO2 emission from fossil fuel combustion is responsible for adverse climate changes like global wanning, substitution is desirable on the short term. The share of the renewable energy sources like wind, hydropower and biomass may be increased in a relatively short time. Each of these traditionally well known sources can contribute a... 

In many regions of the world, the industrial realization of value-added conversion of low-cost agricultural feedstocks can provide a certain degree of geopolitical independence for the involved countries. This means that the importing of fossil reserves can be avoided by replacing fossil feedstocks with efficient implementation of renewable resources available in the respective countries. In addition, the creation of different qualified jobs in these regions in the field of biopolymer production from local resources can provide a socio-economic benefit. 

Fossil Reserves. Renewable resources will become increasingly important as the planet s stocks of fossilized reserves are depleted and as governments realize that biomass can provide a truly sustainable, cost-effective source of energy and materials. The viscose route currently needs fossil reserves for energy generation but for little else. 

Fossil Rosorves. The ethylene glycol for NMMO manufacture currently comes via ethylene from oil refineries. However, as indicated above, the solvent recycling rate is so high that solvent usage is kept down to a few kilos per tonne of fiber, and hence fossil reserve dependence is minimal. 

Some developing countries that are rich in fossil reserves value fossil exports as comprising a main component of their export revenue stream (e g., Indonesia, Iran) and desire to secure their own energy security using nuclear so as to sustain fossil exports. 

All these families arise from petrochemical resources and this raises the question of the security of supply of fossil reserves to ensure the sustainability of plastic packaging. World reserves of oil are estimated at roughly 1 — 1.5 X 10 tonnes, more or less 40 years of consumption at the present rate. However, these values do not allow an easy correlation to the rate of petrochemical resource extraction and depletion. Many schools of thought have... 

As we seek to address the issues of global climate change and carhon management, we must remain aware of all these other issues. To control and sequester carbon emissions will require additional energy. This will put additional pressure on our fossil reserves, our supply lines, and the energy infrastructure. 

It is clear that quite some development is needed to replace oil-based terephthal-ate with bio-based FDCA. Still, the reduction of fossil reserves needed for packaging materials manufacture and the concurrent potential impact on the environment make such an effort more than worthwhile. We therefore aim to further develop this process to make industrial bioproduction of FDCA a reality in the near future. 

It is widely recognized that humanity s near-complete dependence on fossil reserves to meet the demands for fuels as well as chemicals cannot go on indefinitely. Such a realization has catalyzed the process of exploration in alternative territories to find and establish dependable sources of energy, without which modem civilization can hardly be expected to survive. Efforts to utilize hydropower, atomic energy, wind energy, and solar power are not exactly new, but a renewed emphasis on harnessing these sources of energy is surely an... 

Today, over half of the US electric energy production is based on the combustion of coal at net efficiencies of about 35%. Sixty percent of the world s fossil reserves are coal, and of this amount 80% is located within China, former Soviet Union and North America. Since electric power production from coal is expanding world wide, it is advisable to approach the problem of CO2 emissions control by pushing the efficiency of power production from coal as close as possible to the theoretical natural limit. 

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