Resinous materials botanical sources

Authentication of pjropohs material may be possible by a chemical fingerprint of it and, if possible, of its botanical sources. Thus, chemical fingerprinting, i.e., metabolomics and chemometrics, is an additional method that has been claimed to be included as a quality control method in order to confirm or deny the ptropohs sample being used for the manufacturing of a derived product of that resinous and complex matrix. 

However, the samples from Noen U-Loke do not demonstrate a clear-cut correspondence to the modem Dipterocarp resins as neither hydroxydammarenone (G), which is not detected at all in these samples, nor ursolic aldehyde (J2) dominate. Instead, a-amyrin (D) is the usually largest peak by far. Although this is the case, the composition of the archaeological material is quite dissimilar to the triterpenoid Canarium resin, but does exhibit a range of the terpenoid components present in Dipterocarp resins suggesting that this family may be the botanical source of die resin used as a coating on these ceramics. 

Although limited in quantity, natural extracts still enjoy an irreplaceable status in smoothing and integrating the aroma of products.33,95,96 Raw materials used for F F can be categorized depending on the part of the plant used. In the following subsections, several representative raw materials from flower, leaves, root, grass, seed, wood, resin, the miscellaneous botanical mass as well as those from animal sources are described. 

Paraffin followed by candelilla wax and microcrystalline waxes, and eventually by beeswax, are considered as the most effective moisture barriers derived from edible waxes (Morillon et al. 2002). There is no satisfactory chemical definition for the term wax which is used for a variety of products of mineral, botanical and animal origin that contain various kinds of fatty materials (Table 23.4). The term resins or lacs can also be used for plant or insect secretions that take place along resins ducts, often in response to injury or infection, and result in more acidic substances (Hernandez 1994). However, all waxes tend to contain wax esters as major components, that is, esters of long-chain fatty alcohols with long chain fatty acids. Depending on their source, they may additionally include hydrocarbons, sterol esters, aliphatic aldehydes, primary and secondary alcohols, diols, ketones, triacylglycerols, and so on. 

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