Research issues considerations

There is no doubt that by the middle of the war the Nazis had acquired vast, hidden armouries of chemical weapons and the Wehrmacht still found millions of marks to pump into the testing and production of poison gas. Indeed, the effort put by the Germans into chemical warfare research was considerable with them employing double the number of scientists than Britain,12 and their twenty factories were capable of producing about 12,000 tons of poison gas a month.13 Indeed, the Allies believed, in a report issued after the war, that the Germans had about 70,000 tons of poison gas stockpiled at various... 

Haber, Lynne has more than 12 years of experience in applying risk assessment methods in evaluating the toxicity, toxicokinetics, and mode of action of chemicals. Her current interests are in the application of mechanistic information in risk assessment and in methods for extending the dose-response curve to low doses. Other current work includes research on children s risk issues, consideration of mode of action in cancer risk assessment, incorporating data on polymorphisms into risk assessment, and development of scientifically based occupational exposure limits. 

Simulation is one of the methods enable companies to analyze the operation and maintenance services and a financial investment related to this services. New methods for selecting maintenance strategy are created. They are based on use of simulation and optimization experiments. The traditional approach based on the use of a process approach and DES simulation (discrete event simulation). Specificity of maintenance problems, research issues of maintaining system components able to work, mapping failure events and process of their removal also require consideration of other approaches. 

Considerable amount of research effort has been devoted, especially over the last tln-ee decades, on various issues in domain growth and dynamical scaling. See the reviews [13,14, H, 16 and 17],... 

There are about a dozen data bases specifically about plastics. Two of the best known and largest are Rapra Abstracts, issued by the Rubber and Plastics Research Association of Great Britain, with about 400000 entries, and the KKF data base of the Deutsche Kunstoff-Institut, with some 300000 records in 1993. Such data bases provide a huge source of information on all aspects of plastics, and considerable expertise is necessary to extract pertinent information efficiently. 

Risk-based information provides a foundation for regulation of severe accidents. Early PRAs, with large uncertainties, indicated risk that was above or below the Safety Goals depending on containment performance. Consequently the NRC developed an Integration Plan for Closure of Severe Accident Issues (SECY-88-47) with six main elements to this plan 1) individual plant examinations (IPE), 2) containment performance improvements, 3) improved plant oper itions, 4) severe accident research, 5) external event considerations, and 6) accident management. 

If separate blast sources are located close to one another, they may be initiated almost simultaneously. Coincidence of their blasts in the far-held cannot be ruled out, and their respective blasts should be superimposed. The safe and most conservative approach to this issue is to assume a maximum initial blast strength of 10 and to sum the combustion energy from each source in question. Further definition of this important issue, for instance, the determination of a minimum distance between potential blast sources for separate consideration of their individual blasts, is a factor in present research. 

In general, there are advantages and disadvantages to both assay formats and both are widely employed in pharmacological research. The specific strengths and weaknesses inherent in both approaches are discussed in more detail in Chapters 4 and 5. As a preface to the consideration of these two major formats, a potential issue with both of them should be considered namely, dissimulations between the concentrations of drugs added to the experimentally accessible receptor compartment and the actual concentration producing the effect. 

The use of multiple study sites can facilitate enrollment and ensure diversity in the study sample. However, as the number of study sites increases, so too does the cost and complexity of managing the trial. Therefore, the proper balance must be struck between issues of cost, logistics, scientific considerations and practicality when deciding on the appropriate number of research sites. 

Health concerns about the effects of coffee are also an important consideration in coffee drinking trends. While many health issues have not been systematically and thoroughly evaluated, these concerns have undoubtedly contributed to consumption patterns. However, the most significant changes in coffee consumption occurred prior to scientific research and knowledge of health effects due to caffeine exposure. 

There is no doubt that the major weakness of the reactive dyeing process is the hydrolysis reaction and the consequent need for a wash-off" process. The extent to which dye hydrolysis takes place in competition with dye-fibre reaction varies quite markedly within the range 10 40% depending upon the system in question. A considerable amount of research has therefore been devoted to the search for reactive dyes with improved fixation. The most successful approach to addressing this issue has involved the development of dyes with more than one fibre-reactive group in the molecule, which statistically improves the chances of dye fibre bond formation. Examples of products of this type are the Procion H-E... 

Though it is impossible to anticipate all the directions in which environmental risk assessment will expand during the forthcoming years, below are presented some hot issues that nowadays are already attracting considerable scientific research. 

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