Research environment

In research environments where the configuration and activity level of a sample can be made to conform to the desires of the experimenter, it is now possible to measure the energies of many y-rays to 0.01 keV and their emission rates to an uncertainty of about 0.5%. As the measurement conditions vary from the optimum, the uncertainty of the measured value increases. In most cases where the counting rate is high enough to allow collection of sufficient counts in the spectmm, the y-ray energies can stih be deterrnined to about 0.5 keV. If the configuration of the sample is not one for which the detector efficiency has been direcdy measured, however, the uncertainty in the y-ray emission rate may increase to 5 or 10%. 

Thaker PD (2005) Pharmaceutical data elude researchers. Environ Sci Technol 139 193A-194 A... 

Research use of individual methods or instruments in an academic or basic research environment, with interest centered around obtaining facts and relationships, where specific conditions exist as concerns precision, number of measurements, models, etc. that force the use of particular and/or highly sophisticated statistical techniques. 

Myers GJ, Davidson PW. 1998. Prenatal methylmercury exposure and children neurologic, developmental, and behavioral research. Environ Health Perspect 106(Suppl 3) 841-847. 

Due to the lack of proven efficacy of any of these procedures when performed emergently in acute ischemic stroke, they are not routinely recommended except within a research environment. 

Pressure-relieving systems are unique compared with other systems within a chemical plant hopefully they will never need to operate, but when they do, they must do so flawlessly. Other systems, such as extraction and distillation systems, usually evolve to their optimum performance and reliability. This evolution requires creativity, practical knowledge, hard work, time, and the cooperative efforts of the plant, design, and process engineers. This same effort and creativity is essential when developing relief systems however, in this case the relief system development must be optimally designed and demonstrated within a research environment before the plant start-up. 

Cooper, G.S., Miller, F.W., and Pandey, J.P., The Role of Genetic Factors in Autoimmune Disease Implications for Environmental Research, Environ. Health Perspect., 107, 693, 1999. 

Selgrade, M.K., Kimber, I., Goldman, L. and Germolec, D.R., Assessment of the allergenic potential of genetically modified foods An agenda for future research. Environ. Health Perspect., Ill, 1140, 2003. 

Schnizler et al., 2003) permits the automation of both cRNA injection and two-electrode voltage clamp recordings from multiple oocytes in standard 96-well plates. Although the cost and maintenance of such an apparatus is likely to be restricted to industrial research environments, other automated oocyte perfusion systems have been described that would be suitable for smaller scale laboratories (e.g., Joshi et al., 2004). 

Daughton CG (2004) Non-regulated water contaminants Emerging research. Environ Impact Assess Rev 24 711-732... 

Tong W, Cao X, Harris S, et al. ArrayTrack - supporting toxicogenomic research at the US Food and Drug Administration National Centre for Toxicological Research. Environ Health Perspect 2003 111 1819-26. 

Where Phase II, III and IV studies are conducted in a hospital or contract research environment, it is strongly advisable to inform the subject s general practitioner (GP) in writing of the nature of the study and to obtain the GP s agreement, preferably in writing. This is essential for Phase 1 studies in non-patient volunteers, and it is routine practice in all Phase 1 clinical pharmacology units. However, increasingly, particularly in mainland Europe, study subjects will be found not to have a personal physician or, if they have, that their last visit to the physician could be a considerable time ago. 

Qiao D, Seidler FJ, Tate CA, et al Fetal chlorpyrifos exposure adverse effects on brain cell development and cholinergic biomarkers emerge postnatally and continue into adolescence and adulthood (Research). Environ Health Perspect 111(4) 536-45, 2003... 

American Chemical Society. Shaping the Future The Chemical Research Environment in the Next Century. American Chemical Society Report from the Interactive Presidential Colloquium, April 7-9, 1994, Washington, DC. 

This discipline does not come easily, as it requires a control framework. The framework may be considered irksome and unnecessary by some analytical chemists, particularly those from a research environment. It is hoped to persuade those who doubt its necessity that the successful deployment of a method and its wide application rely heavily on such an approach and that flair and technical excellence alone are insufficient. 

Sioutas C, Delfino RJ, Singh M (2005) Exposure assessment for atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFPs) and implications in epidemiological research. Environ Health Perspect 113 947-955... 

We hope the book has conveyed a compelling picture of the vast potential of Raman spectroscopy which recent applications and instrumentation advances have unlocked. Many areas within these specialist biomedical and pharmaceutical fields are rapidly progressing from academic research environments to implementation as solutions to practical problems. In the pharmaceutical industry this process is well advanced. The march into the biomedical area is underway and further penetration into clinical applications appears imminent. 

In order to carry out complete structural elucidation of unknown compounds (especially for complex molecules), the RF probe should enable a variety of heteronuclear NMR techniques to be performed. In particular, inverse detection H-15N and 1H-13C experiments such as heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) [29,30] and heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) [31] find almost ubiquitous application in myriad research environments. Although the microliter-scale probes described above feature both heteronuclear and homonuclear capabilities, no commerical product is... 

NRC (National Research Council). 1987. Biologic markers in environmental health research. Environ Health Perspect. 74 3-9. 

Eskenazi, B., E.A. Gladstone, G.S. Berkowitz, C.H. Drew, E.M. Faustman, N.T. Holland, B. Lanphear, S.J. Meisel, F.P. Perera, V.A. Rauh, A. Sweeney, R.M. Whyatt, and K. Yolton. 2005. Methodologic and logistic issues in conducting longitudinal birth cohort studies Lessons learned from the Centers for Children s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(10) 1419-1429. 

Kimmel, C.A., G.W. Collman, N. Fields, and B. Eskenazi. 2005. Lessons learned for the National Children s Study from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Centers for Children s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research. Environ. Health. Perspect. 113(10) 1414-1418. 

Lee, L.W., J. Griffith, H. Zenick, and B.S. Hulka. 1995. Human tissue monitoring and specimen banking Opportunities for exposure assessment, risk assessment, and epidemiologic research. Environ. Health Perspect. 103(Suppl. 3) 3-8. 

Weis, B.K., D. Balshawl, J.R. Barr, D. Brown, M. Ellisman, P. Lioy, G. Omenn, J.D. Potter, M.T. Smith, L. Sohn, W.A. Suk, S. Sumner, J. Swenberg, D.R. Walt, S. Watkins, C. Thompson, and S.H. Wilson. 2005. Personalized exposure assessment Promising approaches for human environmental health research. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(7) 840-848. 

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