Requires Creativity

However, when a problem is particularly difficult or only limited time exists, consider a new and imaginative approach with techniques that previously generated creative ideas. First generate as many ideas as possible that may be even remotely related to the problem. During the idea-generating phase it is of critical importance to be totally positive no ideas are bad. Evaluation comes later, so do not attempt to provide creativity and evaluation at the same time it could be damaging to your creativity. Look for quantity of ideas, not quality, at this point. Now all ideas are good the best will become obvious later. 

If possible, relate the problem to another situation and look for a similar solution. This 

After all this action, if nothing satisfactory occurs, rather than give up look for that really creative solution because it is out there. You may be too close to the problem. Get away from the trees and look at the forest. Climb up one of the trees and look at things from a different perspective. 

Use your creative talents but be positive. You have now creatively worked through the frustration and negativism that problems seem to generate. Your increasingly creative input will generate future opportunities. 

Now let us take the thoughts above and improve on them. In doing so let us avoid saying in effect My mind is made up-do not give me the facts. Rather, let us use the approach that there is always room for improvement and resolving the problem. 

In order to find unique, creative solutions to difficult challenges that were not resolved by past tried and true techniques, one must get away from the conventional state of mind that is often unimaginative, frustrating, repetitive, and negative. The nature of some problems tends to invite unimaginative suggestions and attempts only to use past approaches. 

Problem solving in designing and producing products, as in business and personal problems, generally requires taking a systematic approach. If practical, make rather small changes and allot time to monitor the reaction of result. With whatever time is available, patience and persistence are required. 

If possible, relate the problem to another situation and look for a similar solution. This approach can stimulate creative thinking toward other ideas. Try humor do not be afraid to joke about a problem. 

The next step is to evaluate all the ideas. Consider categorizing the list, then add new thoughts, select the best, and try them. 

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Contemporary s Tithetic chemists know detailed information about molecular structures and use sophisticated computer programs to simulate a s Tithesis before trying it in the laboratory. Nevertheless, designing a chemical synthesis requires creativity and a thorough understanding of molecular structure and reactivity. No matter how complex, every chemical synthesis is built on the principles and concepts of general chemistry. One such principle is that quantitative relationships connect the amounts of materials consumed and the amounts of products formed in a chemical reaction. We can use these relationships to calculate the amounts of materials needed to make a desired amount of product and to analyze the efficiency of a chemical synthesis. The quantitative description of chemical reactions is the focus of Chapter 4. 

Relatively high molecular weight is a feature of the chemotype exemplified by 4-11 and this can require creative formulation techniques. Pharmacokinetic properties of a lead candidate (structure unknown) from the same series that provided 10 were inadequate to provide sufficient exposures at high doses to support preclinical safety studies. However, cocrystal formulations with saccharin or gentisic acid improved water solubility by 50-fold and increased oral exposures up to 10-fold relative to traditional formulations at 20mg/kg [64]. 

Pressure-relieving systems are unique compared with other systems within a chemical plant hopefully they will never need to operate, but when they do, they must do so flawlessly. Other systems, such as extraction and distillation systems, usually evolve to their optimum performance and reliability. This evolution requires creativity, practical knowledge, hard work, time, and the cooperative efforts of the plant, design, and process engineers. This same effort and creativity is essential when developing relief systems however, in this case the relief system development must be optimally designed and demonstrated within a research environment before the plant start-up. 

In order to utilize this approach the firm must develop systems that result in a compliant organization without restricting the required creativity or flexibility needed for method development, therefore, all of the quality elements listed in Table 1 must be implemented in the analytical research laboratory. Table 9 lists the modifications required to utilize developmental data. 

The dimensions of the brownfields challenge in the United States are staggering. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) estimates that between 500,000 and a million brownfield sites exist nationally, and that the cost for cleaning them up will exceed 650 billion [US General Accounting Office (US GAO), 1995]. Cities across the country estimate that they could create more than 550,000 jobs—and recover 2.4 billion in tax revenue—if these properties were redeveloped (US Conference of Mayors, 2000). Despite this promise, many communities have discovered that redevelopment of brownfields is challenging and requires creative approaches and flexibility to succeed. 

Additional safety studies may be required to support the movement into new indications, and the complex designer biopharmaceuticals will continue to require creative approaches to safety assessment. In either case, the requirement for, and design and execution of, those studies should be driven by sound scientific rationale. Ultimately, the objective of preclinical safety evaluation is well articulated in ICH S6 ... 

I m not talidng about fun you can have at an amusement park, but CRE fun. Now that we have an understanding on how to solve for the exit concentrations of multiple reactions in a CSTR and how to plot the species concentration down the length of a PER or PER, we can address one of the most important and fun areas of chemical reaction engineering. This area, discussed in Section 6.1, is learning how to maximize the desired product and minimize the undesired product. It is this area that can make or break a chemical process financially. It is also an area that requires creativity in designing the reactor schemes and feed conditions that will maximize profits. Here you can mix and match reactors, feed steams, and side streams as well as vary the ratios of feed concentration in order to maximize or minimize the selectivity of a particular species. Problems of this type are what I call digital-age problems - because... 

Summary If flhe reaction is not first-order and a more precise estimate of reactor conversion is required than can be obtained from the boimds, a reactor model must be assumed. The choice of a proper model is almost pure art requiring creativity and engineering judgment. The flow pattern of the model must possess the most important characteristics of that in the real reactor. Standard models are available that have been used with some success, and these can be used as starting points. Models of tank reactors usually consist of combinations of PFRs, perfectly mixed CSTRs, and dead spaces in a configuration that matches as well as possible the flow pattern in the reactor. For tubular reactors, the simple dispersion model has proven most popular. 

China. Japan remains focused on possible genetic differences, and continues to insist upon studies conducted in its own population as a condition for registration and approval. Regional variations, such as diet, alcohol and tobacco consumption, climate, exposure to pollution and other environmental factors, socioeconomic status, and differences in technology and health care standards, require creative planning for multinational trials. 

Safety and health professionals are required as part of the job function to be critical as well as creative thinkers. Often activities within the safety and health function require creativity to resolve the issue or simply to keep employees from being bored with the subject matter. Sometimes the answers are not in the book and the safety and health professional is expected to use his or her gray matter to think and identify creative safety and health solutions to address and rectify unique circumstances or situations. 

Using existing columns for new services often requires creative solutions. Thus, it can be both challenging and fun. 

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