REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT DESIGN

The nature of the uses found for naphtha demands compatibility with the many other materials employed in formulation, with waxes, pigments, resins, and so on thus, the solvent properties of a given fraction must be carefully measured and controlled. For most purposes, volatility is important, and because of the wide use of naphtha in industrial and recovery plants, information on some other fundamental characteristics is required for plant design. 

After development of a new process scheme at laboratory scale, constmction and operation of pilot-plant faciUties to confirm scale-up information often require two or three years. An additional two to three years is commonly required for final design, fabrication of special equipment, and constmction of the plant. Thus, projections of raw material costs and availabiUty five to ten years into the future become important in adopting any new process significantly different from the current technology. 

Collect together all the kinetic and thermodynamic data on the desired reaction and the side reactions. It is unlikely that much useful information will be gleaned from a literature search, as little is published in the open literature on commercially attractive processes. The kinetic data required for reactor design will normally be obtained from laboratory and pilot plant studies. Values will be needed for the rate of reaction over a range of operating conditions pressure, temperature, flow-rate and catalyst concentration. The design of experimental reactors and scale-up is discussed by Rase (1977). 

The RMP regulation is aimed at decreasing the number and magnitude of accidental releases of toxic and flammable substances. Although the RMP is similar to the PSM regulation in many respects, the RMP is designed to protect off-site people and the environment, whereas PSM is designed to protect on-site people. The RMP is required for plant sites that use more... 

To develop the engineering data required for the design and operation of the commercial plant... 

Unlike relief system sizing for non-reacting systems, a considerable amount of experimental information is normally required for the design of chemical reactor relief systems. It is necessary to assess all the credible maloperations and system failures that may occur on the process/ plant to determine the reaction runaway that requires the largest relief system. The Workbook also summarises the main steps necessary to do this. 

The effect of plant capacity on investment can be seen from Fig. 8.2-3. Costs of around 245 million DM, or only 817 DM/t on the 1997 basis, are required for plants equipped with maximum-stream-size reactors of 300,000 t/a. The data can be extrapolated to actual (1998) costs by means of the price index of 1.01 published in [1], These plants with large design capacities have significantly reduced specific investment costs. 

Pilot-plant data are almost always required for the design of filters unless specific information is already available for the type of materials and conditions involved. Heat exchangers, distillation columns, pumps, and many other types of conventional equipment can usually be designed adequately without using pilot-plant data. 

To examine the pyrolysis reaction of the scrap tires, pulverized scrap tires were heated in a quartz tube by an electric furnace (h). Then the continuous pyrolysis test plants in Table I were constructed to get the engineering data required for the design of an actual plant,... 

For plant designs in which natural circulation is an integral part of the decay heat removal process, loss of natural circulation has sometimes been shown to be an important event. Thus, for those plants which require natural circulation, detailed analyses should be performed to identify how natural circulation can be lost or degraded. 

Accidental fires interact with their environment, should this be pipework, equipment and structures in process plants in petrochemical industry, or facilities on offshore oil and gas installations. For plant design and risk assessment, cautious best estimates and uncertainty ranges are required for a number of combustion parameters. These include release rates, flame size and shape, heat output, thermal radiation to its environment, and the heating-up of structures, pipework and items of equipment. The estimate can result in the assessment of time to loss of functionality of these structures and pressurized equipment. 

The scope of the safety assessment is to check that the design meets the requirements for management of safety, the principal technical requirements, the plant design and plant system design requirements given in Sections 3-6 of Safety of Nuclear Power Plants Design [1], and that a comprehensive safety analysis has been... 

Such an assessment may in fact affect the management of the project and the entire quality system required for the design assessment and the construction phase, by ensuring that the design assumptions in terms of global plant safety are realized in the design. 

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