PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

The scope of the safety assessment is to check that the design meets the requirements for management of safety, the principal technical requirements, the plant design and plant system design requirements given in Sections 3-6 of Safety of Nuclear Power Plants Design [1], and that a comprehensive safety analysis has been... 

The principal technical requirements (Section 4 in Ref [1]) include those which ensure that sufficient defence in depth has been provided and that the highest consideration is given to accident prevention and radiation protection. 

The principal technical requirements for a soluble neutron poison material are that it have a reasonabty... 

You get both the principal legal requirements (The Articles) and the technical detail (The Annexes) in one document. As mentioned above, national legislation may just transpose the Articles, and you may have to refer back to the directive for the technical Annexes. 

Two techniques are principally responsible for the experimental development of dynamics in surface chemistry. These are the application of molecular beams and laser state-to-state techniques to gas-surface interactions. This roughly parallels their application to gas phase chemistry, although there are certainly some different technical requirements. More detailed discussion of some of these experimental techniques are in Refs. [104] and [105]. 

Table 1.6 in Chapter 1 introduced the principal components of study design for which some guidance was given in ICH (International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) S7A. Here I would like to offer some practical and more detailed guidance. 

Voluntary Product Standards are standards developed under procedures established by the Department of Commerce. The standards may include dimensional requirements for standard sizes and types of various products technical requirements and methods of testing, grading, or marking. The objective of a Voluntary Product Standard is to establish requirements which are in accordance with the principal demands of the industry and, at the same time, are not contrary to the public interest. 

Of the natural fibres, vegetable or plant fibres are the only ones that have suitable properties to meet technical requirements cost effectively for use as natural geotextiles. Plant fibres can be further classified according to the part of the plant as principal sources from which they are extracted bast fibres, leaf fibres and fruit or seed fibres. Fig. 4.1 shows a brief classification of textile fibres. 

High purity hexafluorozirconic acid and its salts are produced by Advance Research Chemicals of the United States, and Akita and Moritta of Japan. The technical-grade green-colored material is suppHed by Cabot Corp. of the United States. In 1993, the U.S. market for fluorozirconic acid was about 250,000 kg/yr the world market was less than 500,000 kg/yr. A principal part of this production is consumed by the wool, garment, and upholstery industries. The 1993 price varied between 2.4 to 6.6/kg depending on the quaUty and quantity required. Potassium fluorozirconate [16923-95-8], K ZrF, is commercially important the world market is about 750,000 kg/yr. The most important appHcation is as a fire-retardant material in the wool (qv) industry, for the manufacture of garments, upholstery for aeroplane industry, and children s clothes (see Flame retardants). The 1993 unit price was between 5.0 and 6.6/kg. 

Reichsteia and Grbssner s second L-ascorbic acid synthesis became the basis for the iadustrial vitamin C production. Many chemical and technical modifications have improved the efficiency of each step, enabling this multistep synthesis to remain the principal, most economical process up to the present (ca 1997) (46). L-Ascorbic acid is produced ia large, iategrated, automated faciUties, involving both continuous and batch operations. The process steps are outlined ia Figure 7. Procedures require ca 1.7-kg L-sorbose/kg of L-ascorbic acid with ca 66% overall yield ia 1977 (55). Siace 1977, further continuous improvement of each vitamin C production step has taken place. Today s overall ascorbic acid yield from L-sorbose is ca 75%. In the mid-1930s, the overall yield from L-sorbose was ca 30%. 

Extended Plant-Performance Triangle The historical representation of plant-performance analysis in Fig. 30-1 misses one of the principal a ects identification. Identification establishes troubleshooting hypotheses and measurements that will support the level of confidence required in the resultant model (i.e., which measurements will be most beneficial). Unfortunately, the relative impact of the measurements on the desired end use of the analysis is frequently overlooked. The most important technical step in the analysis procedures is to identify which measurements should be made. This is one of the roles of the plant-performance engineer. Figure 30-3 includes identification in the plant-performance triangle. 

The processes of cathodic protection can be scientifically explained far more concisely than many other protective systems. Corrosion of metals in aqueous solutions or in the soil is principally an electrolytic process controlled by an electric tension, i.e., the potential of a metal in an electrolytic solution. According to the laws of electrochemistry, the reaction tendency and the rate of reaction will decrease with reducing potential. Although these relationships have been known for more than a century and although cathodic protection has been practiced in isolated cases for a long time, it required an extended period for its technical application on a wider scale. This may have been because cathodic protection used to appear curious and strange, and the electrical engineering requirements hindered its practical application. The practice of cathodic protection is indeed more complex than its theoretical base. 

To be successful, an LSMBS requires a clear definition of the responsibilities of each participating individual or group. Preparation of an organization chart may be appropriate, as would its inclusion in the study protocol. Key study participants could include Study Directors, Principal Investigators in the sample collection and analytical phases, sponsor representatives, technical consultants, residue analytical laboratories, and QA specialists. 

Effective design of a remediation system for dissolved hydrocarbons in groundwater requires consideration of more than only the effectiveness of the technological process involved. At many sites a variety of techniques are capable of completing the cleanup. However, design of a project that is efficient in all aspects — technically, in terms of time, and economically — requires an evaluation of the entire life cycle of the project from inception to closure. Typically, at sites where remediation is expected to continue over a 4-year project life, operation and maintenance account for between 50 and 80% of the total project cost. These percentages increase each year thereafter. The principal components of operation and maintenance are power, labor, and parts. Identification and quantification of these components are critical to the overall cost of a project. 

When using the term flavor , a certain inherent understanding of the term is evident. However, its use in the technical discussion of food requires a more imprecise definition. A common technical definition of the word flavor is the sum total of the sensory responses of taste and aroma combined with the general tactile and temperature responses to substances placed in the mouth. Flavor can also mean any individual substance or combination of substances used for the principal purpose of eliciting the latter responses. This latter usage will be the way in which the term is used in this chapter. 

The essential requirements relate to the safety in use of the device, including labelling requirements, but are principally expressed in terms of scientific and technical performance characteristics. Efficacy, as such, is not a criterion. Confirmation of conformity must include evaluation of clinical data for many devices, generated from... 

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