Vertebral body

Cells communicate with each other in order to form and maintain the vertebrate body. Cells must know when and where to move, and what to do once they get there. This is accomplished by sending and receiving chemical, tactile, and perhaps even electrical signals (Cooper and Schliwa, 1986). Cells can be observed responding to at least some of these environmental cues in tissue culture, and also responding to each other. The response of cells to these factors is known as cell behavior. 

Radiation therapy generally is considered to be the treatment of choice for most patients. Exceptions to this include patients with prior radiation to the treatment site and patients with inherently radioresistant tumors (e.g., melanoma and renal cell carcinoma). The radiation field should include two vertebral bodies above and below the involved area. 

The human spine is an exquisite and complex structure from both an anatomical and functional standpoint. The spine is composed of approximately 24 boney elements, termed vertebral bodies, which are separated by 23 cartilaginous cushions or shock... 

Hou FJ, Lang SM, Hoshaw SJ, et al. (1998) Human vertebral body apparent and hard tissue stiffness. J Biomech 31 1009-1015... 

R. Diez del Corral and K. G. Storey, Opposing FGF and retinoid pathways A signalling switch that controls differentiation and patterning onset in the extending vertebrate body axis. BioEssays 26, 857-869 (2004). 

Osteoporosis is defined as a generalized decrease in bone mass (osteopenia) that affects bone matrix and mineral content equally, giving rise to fractures of vertebral bodies with bone pain, kyphosis, and shortening of the torso. Fractures of the hip and the distal radius are also commoa The underlying process is a disequilibrium between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. 

The amount of collagen varies from one species to another and from tissue to tissue within the same species. Collagen comprises as much as one third of the total protein in the vertebrate body and in certain invertebrates, such as sponges and echinoderms as well as corals186, collagen may account for an even larger proportion of the total protein of the organism. 

Cohn, M. Tickle, C. (1996). Limbs a model for pattern formation within the vertebrate body plan. Trends Genet. 12(7), 253-257. 

Thomsen, G.H. (1997). Anatagonism in and around the organizer BMP inhibitors in vertebrate body patterning. Trends. Genet. 13,209-211. 

Fras C, Kravetz P, Mody DR, Heggeness MH. Substance P-containing nerves within the human vertebral body. An immunohistochemical study of the basivertebral nerve. Spine J. 2003 3 63-67. 

In theory, epidural and spinal blocks can be done at any level of the cord, but they are usually administered at the L3-4 or L4-5 vertebral interspace (i.e., caudal to the L-2 vertebral body, which is the point where the spinal cord ends). Epidural anesthesia is somewhat easier to perform than spinal blockade because the epidural space is larger and more accessible than the subarachnoid space. However, spinal anesthesia is... 

De Robertis EM, Oliver G, Wright CVE. Homeobox genes and the vertebrate body plan. Scientific American 1990 46. 

Amblyosporium botrytis Vertebrate body Not stated Connecticut, USA Not stated 1888-1889 Pirozynski (1969)... 

The extraordinarily rapid turnover of HA in tissues suggests that tightly controlled modes exist for modulating steady state levels of HA. The HA of the vertebrate body is of unique importance, and rapid increases are required in situations of extreme stress. Rapid turnover of HA in the normal state... 

Segmental arteries supply the spine with blood, including the vertebral bodies, paraspinal muscles, dura, nerve roots, and spinal cord. All these tissues, with the exception of the spinal cord, receive their blood supply from segmental arteries (one on each side) or their equivalents. In particular, the segmental supply of the thoracolumbar region is derived from intercostal and lumbar arteries arising from... 

The radicular arteries are the first branches of the dorsal division of the segmental arteries and their regional equivalents. The blood supply of the bony spine consists of arteries, which come directly off the segmental and radicular arteries. Anterior central arteries derive from the segmental artery and supply the anterior and anterolateral portions of the vertebral body. The radicular arteries usually provide the blood supply to the posterior portion of the vertebral body via posterior central arteries and the arch via prelaminar arteries. Thus, the vertebral body is mainly supplied by posterior and anterior... 

Faig J, Busse O, Salbeck R (1998) Vertebral body infarction as a... 

Haddad MC, Aabed al-Thagafi MY, Djurberg H (1996) MRI of spinal cord and vertebral body infarction in the anterior spinal artery syndrome. Neuroradiology 38 161-162 HasslerW, Thron A, Grote EH (1989) Hemodynamics of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. An intraoperative study. JNeu-rosurg 70 360-370... 

Spiller W (1909) Thrombosis of the cervical anterior median spinal artery. I Nerv Ment Dis 36 601 Stein SC, Ommaya AK, Doppman JL, Di Chiro G (1972) Arteriovenous malformation of the cauda equina with arterial supply from branches of the internal iliac arteries. Case report. J Neurosurg 36 649-651 Stepper F, Lovblad KO (2001) Anterior spinal artery stroke demonstrated by echo-planar DWI. Eur Radiol 11 2607-2610 Suh T.H., Alexander L (1939) Vascular system of the human spinal cord. Arch Neurol Psychiat 41 659-677 Suzuki T, Kawaguchi S, Takebayashi T, Yokogushi K, Takada J, Yamashita T (2003) Vertebral body ischemia in the posterior spinal artery syndrome case report and review of the literature. Spine 28 E260-264... 

Laboratory experiments have shown that vertebrate body distribution of CACs is governed by their affinity for specific binding sites in the liver relative to their affinity for non-specific binding sites in liver and extrahepatic tissues and the... 

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