Remediation of contaminated soils

Phenanthrene dissolved in Triton X-100 solution was separated by sorption with three GACs with different particle size (4 12,12 20, and 20 40 mesh). The highest adsorption selectivity was obtained with the 20 40 mesh over a wide concentration range of phenanthrene and Triton X-100. The results demonstrate that the selective adsorption is potentially effective to reuse surfactants in a soil-washing process for the remediation of contaminated soils. 

J. J. Kilbane, II, P. Chowdiah, K. J. Kayser, B. Misra, K. A. Jackowski, V. J. Srivastava, G. N. Sethu, A. D. Nikolov, and D. T. Wasan. In-situ remediation of contaminated soils using foams as carriers for chemicals, nutrients, and other amendments. In Proceedings Volume. 9th Inst Gas Technol Gas, Oil, Environ Biotechnol Int S)mip (Colorado Springs, CO, 12/9-12/11), 1996. 

Martin, I. and Bardos, P., A Review of Full Scale Treatment Technologies for the remediation of Contaminated Soil, Report for the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, EPP Publications, UK, 1996. 

Morizot, G.J.P., Mineral processing technology applied to the remediation of contaminated soils, in Mineral Processing and the Environment, Gallios, G.P. and Matis, K.A., Eds., Kluwer Academic Publications, the Netherlands, 1998, pp. 313-334. 

The use of nanomaterials is important in environmental science and technology in terms of their applications in green chemistry, pollution prevention, remediation of contaminated soils and water, and sensing and detection of pollutants. These applications are directed towards environmental improvement and pollution control. 

Morel JL, Chaineau CH, Schiavon M, Lichtfouse E (1999) The role of plants in the remediation of contaminated soils. In Baveye Ph et al. (eds) Bioavailability of organic xenobiotics in the environment. Kluwer, The Netherlands, pp 429-449... 

Mulligan CN, Youg RN, Gibbs BF. Surfactant-enhanced remediation of contaminated soil a review. Eng. Geol. 2001 60 371-382. 

T0488 Lynntech, Inc., Electrokinetic Remediation of Contaminated Soil... 

T0313 Forrester Environmental Services, Inc., Heavy-Metal Stabilization T0488 Lynntech, Inc., Electrokinetic Remediation of Contaminated Soil T0600 Perma-Fix Environmental Services, Inc., Perma-Fix Process... 

Phytoremediation is the use of plants to treat or stabilize contaminated soils, sediments, or water. Plants provide and support remediation processes in many ways. Common applications of phytoremediation-based systems include remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater, reuse of municipal wastewater and biosolids, reuse of industrial wastewater and by-products, alternative landfill capping and erosion control, and landfill leachate reuse. 

Cosolvent flushing is an in situ technology that enhances the remediation of contaminated soils and groundwater by injecting water and a cosolvent such as alcohol (e.g., ethanol, methanol, and isopropyl) into a contaminated area. Research has shown that an organic cosolvent can also accelerate the movement of metals through a soil matrix. The alcohol causes both an increase in aqueous contaminant solubility and lowering of non-aqueous-phase liquid (NAPL)-water interfacial tension. 

Another source estimates the cost of using two BioNets with four fractures each as ranging from 60,000 to 70,000, while the cost of four BioNets with four fractures each ranged from 80,000 to 90,000. These costs equate to 10 to 20 per ton for remediation of contaminated soil at a typical site (D16920U). 

Lynntech, Inc. s (Lynntech s), electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil technology is an in situ soil decontamination method that uses an electric current to transport soil contaminants. According to Lynntech, this technology uses both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) electrokinetic techniques (dielectrophoresis) to decontaminate soil containing heavy metals and organic contaminants. A non homogeneous electric field is applied between electrodes positioned in the soil. The field induces electrokinetic processes that cause the controlled, horizontal, and/or vertical removal of contaminants from soils of variable hydraulic permeabilities and moisture contents. 

According to the vendor, the full-scale remediation of contaminated soil at the McKin Superfund site in Gray, Maine, was 2,900,000. This figure included the costs for salaries and wages, rental, supplies, subcontractors, fuel, and other professional services. It did not include the expenses associated with mobilization, site characterization, pilot-scale treatability testing, waste material disposal, site closure, or demobilization (D14110W, p. 64). 

WEST specializes in the development and application of soil washing technology for onsite remediation of contaminated soil. They have been remediating lead-contaminated soil since 1990. Their soil washing technology for lead-contaminated soils is commercially available. 

However several POPs, particularly the OCPs and dioxins, remain at low levels in the Australian environment and several remain persistent at low levels in body fats and fluids of Australians. The levels reflect the past use and persistence of OCPs in the Australian environment, contamination of the food chain and the capacity of the body to metabolise and store in body fats. The dioxins remain due to the ubiquitous nature of their sources with combustion as a major source and their persistence. Future trends are likely to mean very low-level residues in human fats of DDE, cyclodienes, HCB, HCHs and dioxins in the long term. Their rate of decline will probably depend on removing HCB from chlorinated industrial chemicals and OCPs from the environment (e.g. remediation of contaminated soils) by hazardous waste treatment methods (e.g. physical, chemical and biological degradation or fixation) or secure landfill. 

This review provides information related to the methods which are currently most suitable for the remediation of contaminated soils and water. The development of a deeper understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in the degradation of contaminants will facilitate the establishment of more cost-effective and efficient remedial action plans that are protective of human health and the environment. 

Fenton oxidation has been applied at many sites for in situ remediation of contaminated soils. Typical applications have involved the degradation of... 

Kommalapati RR (1995) Remediation of contaminated soils using a plant-based surfactant. Ph. D Dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA... 

Cunningham, S.D., and Berti, W.R., The remediation of contaminated soils with green plants An overview . In vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant 29 201-2 2, 1993. 

Rohrs J, Ludwig G, and Rahner D. ElectrochemicaUy induced reactions in soils—a new approach to the in-situ remediation of contaminated soils Part 2 Remediation experiments with a natural soil containing highly chlorinated hydrocarbons. Electrochimica Acta 2002 47 1405-1414. 

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