Refining waste

Waste used in a manner constituting disposal. Use constituting disposal is the direct placement of wastes or products containing wastes (e.g., asphalt with petroleum-refining wastes as an ingredient) on the land. 

AH Divttion at Rer-n.ng. "Manual on Disposal ol Refiners Waste. " Amencan PHiolewm bnli-lute. Fir l fdrtian ISM... 

Additional Petroleum Refining Wastes (Proposed) Yes 60 FR 57747 EPA 1995k... 

Wastes Generated from Petroleum Refining. Petroleum refining wastes are regulated by EPA in several ways. There are approximately 150 active petroleum refineries in the United States. RCRA Subtitle C currently lists four characteristics as hazardous in 40 CFR 264.21 and. 24 and five waste categories as hazardous in 40 CFR 261.31 and. 32. When most of these wastes were listed beginning in 1980, there were 250-300 active refineries ranging in capacity from about 400,000 barrels (bbl) per day to only a few hundred bbl per day. 

In addition, petroleum refining wastes are subject to evaluation as characteristically hazardous waste, including the toxicity characteristic (40 CFR 261, Subpart C) which labels wastes "RCRA hazardous" if a measured constituent concentration exceeds a designated maximum (e.g., a benzene concentration of 0.5 mg/L). 

Accidental Releases of Crude Oil, Petroleum Refining Wastes, Used Oil, and Petroleum Refining Products... 

Petroleum Refining Waste. The extent of mismanagement or accidental releases of petroleum refining wastes can be illustrated with the 1995 proposed RCRA listing determination for 16 additional petroleum refining waste categories (of which 3 waste categories were determined to be RCRA hazardous and proposed to be listed in 40 CFR 261). A search of state and federal enforcement records, documented CERCLA-related activities at 10 sites and RCRA-related activities at 29 sites. 

Hazardous Wastes from Specific Sources Petroleum Refining Wastes... 

Deerhake, ME, et al. n.d. Human and ecological risk assessment for the petroleum refining waste listing determinations background document. Prepared for the Office of Solid Waste, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, by Research Triangle Institute under Contract No. 68-W-4-0042. 

EPA. 1981b. Identification and listing of hazardous waste. Subpart D Lists of hazardous wastes hazardous wastes from specific sources Petroleum refining wastes (K048 - K052). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 261.32. 

Do NOT attempt to use any of the acid thus reclaimed for the final nitration process (DNT to TNT), as there will be some impurities left in the acid. Also, you may NOT refine waste acid from the first process (toluene to MN D and use it for the second process (MNT to DNT). If you have ANY doubts, use fresh acid. 

In 1991 the world s first commercial plant for battery recycling for unsorted household batteries, which uses the Recytec Battery Recycling Process, started operation in Aclens, Switzerland. The technology applies a thermo-mechanical and chemical-electrochemical separation process for recovering valuable materials from unsorted household battery waste. It efficiently refines waste components to raw materials that can be recycled into the industry. 

Sulfuric acid is one of the world s most important industrial raw materials. In the United States, more sulfuric acid is produced than any other industrial chemical. Most sulfuric acid is used in the production of phosphate fertilizers. Sulfuric acid is also important in extracting metals from ore, oil refining, waste treatment, chemical synthesis, and as a component in lead-acid batteries. Sulfuric acid is so important that economists use its production as a measure of a nation s industrial development. 

Vegetable oils, especially the seed oils, are rich sources of tocopherols. Refining waste from the edible oil industry has emerged as an important raw material for the extraction of vitamin E, and the residues of the soybean refining industry are one such source. Tocotrienols, on the other hand, are found predominantly in palm oil and in cereals such as barley and rice bran oils. With the emergence of palm oil as the second largest edible oil in world markets, technological advances have been made to similarly extract tocotrienol-rich palm vitamin E from the refinery wastes of the industry. The resultant product, often termed palm tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF), is currently available on a commercial scale from Malaysia. A similar tocotrienol-rich vitamin E preparation derived from rice bran oil is also available in the U.S. 

Skinner list Created by John Skinner of the EPA Office of Solid Waste a list of those compounds most often found in petroleum refining wastes. 

The use of a concentric cathode cell [10] has been described for the recovery of precious metal on a small scale (Wilson Process Systems), from spent photographic solutions and from electroplating and refining wastes. The recovery of the metal is by manually scraping from the cathode or by furnace refining in the case of gold. 

Copper refining wastes containing Cr and Sb were added to cements and the rate of hydration was followed by DTA, TG, and DTG. There was a significant decrease in the amount of Ca(OH)2 in pastes hydrated with the copper refining waste, suggesting that it is a good retarder.I l... 

Zivica, V., Stabilization of Copper Refining Waste in Cement Matrix Using Thermal Analysis,/. Therm. Analysis, A6 6 -6 l (19%)... 

---