Referencing systems

Women had always been involved in the family production of textiles. When textile production was removed to the factories, girls entered the factory workforce. But, even in that setting, they were seen as working for the household. In Italy and France, some factory owners tried to create family conditions and supervision for their female employees and, on occasion, even to arrange marriages for them. 

The transfer of many of women s skills, and much of their labour, from the household to food processing was in some respects a similar process, occurring at a later stage in the industrialization of the United Kingdom, but there were also significant differences. 

3 It was argued at the time that domestic training was not only useful in servants to the middle classes, it was also essential in working-class wives (Dawes 1984). 

These examples are taken from one published work. One of the best ways of learning how to use references is to pay attention to the ways in which the authors that you read for your studies incorporate references into their texts. 

There are two main referencing systems in use in universities. One of these uses a numbering system in the text with notes at the end of the chapter or article this system often also uses extensive footnoting, and a bibliography is included of works that have been used during the writing of the text. The alternative system that we illustrate above and below is called the Harvard system its use is widespread across many different academic fields of study. In this system the author s name and the date of publication are given in parentheses in the text and refer to a section at the end of the publication, headed References, which in turn contains details of all the published works that have been referenced. We use this system in this book. The Harvard system looks like this  

---

For this system, the Reference List is presented in numerical order with the appropriate number before the first author s name. The disadvantage of this referencing system is that any reference included in the report at a late stage requires a renumbering of all subsequent references, and the reference list. 

Related Documents/Activities (itemize or attach listing from cross-referencing system)... 

In ACS books, all three of these systems are used, depending on the subject matter and series. Table 14-1 lists the referencing systems used by the ACS journals currently in print. 

If you work for any length of time in the laboratory you will rapidly acquire a large number of spectra. It is important that you keep these safe and in proper order, with an unambiguous cross-referencing system so that you (and anyone else) can locate the spectra or measurements which apply to the product of a particular experiment (see Chapter 3 for detailed advice on this). Spectra are best kept in clearly labelled folders or binders of some description, preferably ones which allow for removable attachment of the spectra. The other data should be recorded in the laboratory notebook along with the experimental write up. If data sheets are used then all the data should be recorded on these as they are measured. 

Additional parts may be specified for theses, a title page is often required and a List of Figures and Tables as part of the Contents. When work is submitted for certain degrees, you may need to include certain declarations and statements made by the student and supervisor. In scientific papers, a list of Key Words is often added following the Abstract this information may be combined with words in the title for computer cross-referencing systems. 

A third advantage is proffered by the laser referencing system that affords high wavenumber precision (the Connes advantage [23]), aiding the attain-... 

In the second passage there is no use of T and the passage does not refer to the writer herself. In academic fashion she has been written out of it. The question of single-parent families is treated as a social and economic issue rather than as an individual matter, so that the family is placed in a wider context. The title of the book tells us that the discussion is about poverty in Mexico, which we would not know from the extract. The information about single-parent families in this extract sounds authoritative, and makes categorical generalizations about the economic situation of female-headed families. We would expect to find out about the sources for this information in the book s references section since the use of a comprehensive referencing system and the use of other writers for information and ideas is one mark of... 

A fundamental characteristic of a database is its location referencing system (LRS) and its segmentation. 

Adams T.M., N.A. Koncz, and A.P. Vonderohe. 2001. Guidelines for the Implementation of Multimodal Transportation Location Referencing Systems. NCHRP Report 460. National Research Council. 

Vonderohe A.P., C.L. Chou, F. Sun, and T.M. Adams. 1997. A Generic Data Model for Linear Referencing Systems. NCHRP Research Results Digest 218. National Research Council, Washington, DC Transportation Research Board. 

Hypertext is associated to systems where users have access to large quantities of information using flexible and intuitive paths. This is not the way one manipulates traditional databases that, in general, use formal access systems, and force the user to possess a certain prior knowledge about the material saved, as well as about the way to use databases. The modern hypertext concept is based on a computer-supponed information environment. This is done through a cross-referenced system, that links discrete elements in a data base, so users can explore the infoimation in any direction. One can name the following kind of hypertext documents (Garrett et al., 1986) ... 

You can index up to four dimensions. You can index only two dimensions. If LRS (Linear Referencing System) data is indexed using a spatial quadtree index, only the first two dimensions are indexed the measure dimension and its values are not indexed. Third Choice. Use R-tree... 

Saleh SM, Ali R, Hirsch T, Wolfbeis OS (2010) Optical detection of biotin-avidin affinity binding by exploiting a self-referenced system composed of upconverting nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron (Submitted)... 

There is no single, authoritative guide to this classical BoK, although such products as the previously referenced Systems Engineering Handbook, published by the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), and the book by Blanchard and Eabrycky contain references to a significant part of the literature. 

---