Reference to the Merck Index

Special care has been taken to give complete references and, in general, each compound described has been identified by at least one reference. For compounds for which no specific literature indication is given, the reader is referred to the Merck Index. 

Merck Index is the reference to The Merck Index , Merck Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ. 

Complete citations for these references can be found in Technique 29. Although the CRC Handbook has good tables, it adheres strictly to lUPAC nomenclature. For this reason, it may be easier to use one of fhe ofher references, particularly The Merck Index or the Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals, in your first attempt to locate information (see Technique 4). 

Both metallic zinc and zinc compounds and are known in an art context. Bieganska et al. (1988) describe the use of flakes of metallic zinc while according to the Merck Index (1996), mosaic gold q.vl) can also refer to an alloy of 65.3% copper and 34.7% zinc. There are many zinc compounds that are used as pigments of which zinc oxide, lithopone and zinc chromate are the principal materials. The group includes ... 

Widespread medicinal use of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) has prompted extensive studies of bismuth compounds involving the citrate anion. Bismuth citrate is essentially insoluble in water, but a dramatic increase in solubility with increasing pH has been exploited as a bio-ready source of soluble bismuth, a material referred to as CBS. Formulation of these solutions is complicated by the variability of the bismuth anion stoichiometry, the presence of potassium and/ or ammonium cations, the susceptibility of bismuth to oxygenation to Bi=0, and the incorporation of water in isolated solids. Consequently, a variety of formulas are classified in the literature as CBS. Solids isolated from various, often ill-defined combinations of bismuth citrate, citric acid, potassium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide have been assigned formulas on the basis of elemental analysis data or by determination of water and ammonia content, but are of low significance in the absence of complementary data other than thermal analysis (163), infrared spectroscopy (163), or NMR spectroscopy (164). In this context, the Merck index lists the chemical formula of CBS as KgfNHJaBieOafOHMCeHsCbh in the 11th edition (165), but in the most recent edition provides a less precise name, tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (166). 

Some of the morphine analogs can occasionally he hallucinogenic. Nulline (Nalorphine) used to monitor heroin use, M285 (Cypren-orphine) and cyclazocine are some of the better known examples. See the Merck Index for references to the synthesis of these compounds. 

Merck Index The two sets of numbers refer to the edition and monograph number as found in the... 

One common azeotrope is ethyl alcohol 96% water 4%. This combination can be boiled to dryness at one constant temperature. I cannot go into all the azeotropes you may run into during drug manufacture. So, before you attempt any formula, you must go to a science library and research all of the chemicals, solvents, reagents, etc., that are used in that particular formula and learn what can and cannot be used with what. Look in Chemical Abstracts, the Merck Index, or one of the many other fine reference books available. 

There are millions of different precursors for thousands of different dmgs, making it impossible for me to list all of them. I will stick with the more commonly called for items. If you need to find something that I have not listed, look in the Merck Index or Chemical Abstracts to find a reference of where the synthesis of this precursor can be found. At the end of the formulas given here, I have listed some hints or ways to get good precursors out of over the counter medication, like cough syrup, asthma pills, motion sickness pills, etc. Some of these precursors are psychoactive as is, such as ephidrine. 

Here are some intermediates or precursors you may need to make to complete some common drug formulas. If you do not find what you are looking for here, look in the Merck Index to get a reference for the synthesis to the compound you need. 

In the technique of post hoc design, a set of descriptors are built up by examination of a set of compounds active at a particular receptor family or sub-class. Normally, the set of drugs would be from a commercial database such as MDDR or the Merck Index, etc. and the descriptors would usually be substructural fragment or key based. One example would be the GPCR-PA+ sub-class referred to above, where BCUT descriptors have been used to aid the design of a focused library of aroimd 2000 compoimds based on 8 scaffolds. Libraries have also been constructed based on peptidomimetic principles as well as on the concepts of privileged structures. ... 

In this section, in order to avoid a multiplicity of references, reference to the naturally occurring and biologically active azepines is in most cases made by means of a code, e.g. (M399), which refers to the reference number of that compound in the Merck index (B-76MI51600). 

Artemisinin 1, a naturally occurring sesquiterpene peroxy-lactone, has been isolated in up to 0.25% yield from the dry leaves of Artemisia annua L.1 Interest in artemisinin is based on its phytomedicinal properties. In 168 b.c. China, as described in a Treatment of 52 Sicknesses, the leaves of A. annua (Qinghao) were used for the treatment of chills and fever.2 It was not until 1972 that the active antimalarial agent qinghaosu was isolated in pure form. This allowed for the unequivocal elucidation of its structure through the use of x-ray crystallography. This complex tetracyclic peroxide is now referred to as artemisinin in various sources such as Chemical Abstracts or the Merck Index. 

For rapid access to information such as mp, bp, density, solubility, optical rotation, A max, and crystal form, one turns first to the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics where information is found on some 15,000 organic compounds, including the Beilstein reference to each compound. These compounds are well known and completely characterized. The majority are commercially available. The Merck Index contains information on nearly 10,000 compounds, especially those of pharmaceutical interest. In addition to the usual physical properties, information and literature references to synthesis, isolation, and medicinal properties, such as toxicity data, are found. The last third of the book is devoted to such items as a long cross index of names (which is very useful for looking up drugs), a table of organic name reactions, an excellent section on first aid for poisons, a list of chemical poisons, and a listing of the locations of many poison control centers. 

Patent information is often included in other drug information databases. The Merck Index has long included a patent listing for most of the compounds it covers. Patent references are provided in drug pipeline resources such as PharmaProjects, IDdbS, IMS LifeCycle and IMS Patent Focus. The scope of the information varies from the merely anecdotal to the nearly complete. Although these may be excellent places to start a pharmaceutical patent search, please bear in mind that patent data is not always comprehensive in these types of databases. More detailed information about pipeline databases can be found in the chapter on Competitive Intelligence. ... 

The reference sources to be used are the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (published by CRC Press LLC) the Merck Index CD-ROM (published by Chapman and Hall) the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) found in the lab or on the Internet, such as through the Fisher Chemical Company Web site (www.fisherl.com), or others suggested by your supervisor the labels on the stock containers of the chemicals found in the laboratory and the Fisher Chemical Company chemicals catalog. Your supervisor will demonstrate the use of each of these. Your supervisor may or may not require you to use your laboratory notebook for this work. Accordingly, a data sheet is provided. 

The FDA purged the 1984-86 cohort of INDs that did not represent a first commercial filing for the NME. Using available reference materials such as Pharmap-rojects (328) and the Merck Index (267), the FDA verified each IND sponsor was a commercial firm and then checked the Ingredient Dictionary, the Drug Product Reference File microfiche, and its own management information system to confirm that no commercial INDs had been filed for a related compound (salt or ester) prior to the 1984-86 interval. 

These sources included, among others, the U. S. Pharmacopoeia and the Merck Index. Thus, the common data base would contain compounds known to be of interest to people in the health field, including drugs, antibiotics, hazardous materials, pesticides, nutrients, and food additives as well as inert compounds in such substances. Chemical Abstracts Service processed these sources against its registry system and added registrations as well as synonyms as they were found in these standard references. The data were delivered to FDA and NLM in a form suitable for processing in their machine systems. 

For each drug the relevant abstract number in the 12th edition of The Merck Index (Budavari, S., Ed., The Merck Index, 12th edition, Merck Co. Inc. Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996) is given. Much useful information, such as melting point, solubility, optical rotation, and references to reviews, can be found in The Merck Index. 

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