Bismuth citrate

Although lead acetate [301-04-2] is the only metallic dye used ia the early 1990s, salts or silver, copper, nickel, cobalt, bismuth, and iron have been utilized ia the past. A patent (39) refers to the use of bismuth citrate ia a solution made alkaline with triisopropan ol amine. 

Bismuth citrate can be used only for coloring scalp hair such that the amount of bismuth citrate does not exceed 0.5% weight/volume of the product. Specific restrictions prohibit the use of bismuth citrate for coloring eyelashes, eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp they also iadicate label specifications. 

Bismuth citrate [813-93-4]—The synthetically prepared crystalline salt of bismuth and citric acid, principally BiC H O. ... 

Pylorid (Glaxo Wellcome as bismuth citrate) Raniben (Firma)... 

BSS, bismuth subsalicylate H2RA, H2-receptor antagonist PPI, proton pump inhibitor RBC, ranitidine bismuth citrate (not available in the United States). 

Widespread medicinal use of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) has prompted extensive studies of bismuth compounds involving the citrate anion. Bismuth citrate is essentially insoluble in water, but a dramatic increase in solubility with increasing pH has been exploited as a bio-ready source of soluble bismuth, a material referred to as CBS. Formulation of these solutions is complicated by the variability of the bismuth anion stoichiometry, the presence of potassium and/ or ammonium cations, the susceptibility of bismuth to oxygenation to Bi=0, and the incorporation of water in isolated solids. Consequently, a variety of formulas are classified in the literature as CBS. Solids isolated from various, often ill-defined combinations of bismuth citrate, citric acid, potassium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide have been assigned formulas on the basis of elemental analysis data or by determination of water and ammonia content, but are of low significance in the absence of complementary data other than thermal analysis (163), infrared spectroscopy (163), or NMR spectroscopy (164). In this context, the Merck index lists the chemical formula of CBS as KgfNHJaBieOafOHMCeHsCbh in the 11th edition (165), but in the most recent edition provides a less precise name, tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (166). 

Fig. 21. The bismuth citrate cluster (NH4)12[Bi1208(cit)8] 10 H20 showing citrate and oxo bridging. Adapted from (454).

Clarithromycin/Ranitidine bismuth citrate-500 mg clarithromycin 2 times/day (every 12 hours) or 3 times/day (every 8 hours), and 400 mg ranitidine bismuth citrate given 2 times/day (every 12 hours) for 14 days. An additional 14 days of ranitidine bismuth citrate 2 times/day is recommended for ulcer healing and symptom relief. This combination is not recommended in patients with a creatinine clearance (Ccr) less than 25 mL/min. 

Acute porphyria Do not use clarithromycin in combination with ranitidine bismuth citrate in patients with a history of acute porphyria. 

Vondracek TG. Ranitidine bismuth citrate in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and duodenal ulcer. Ann Pharmacother 1998 32(6) 672-9. 

Amoxycillin 1 g twice daily plus clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily, plus esomeprazole 20 mg twice daily (or lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily or pantoprazole 40 mg twice daily or daily or ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg twice daily or rabeprazole 20 mg twice daily)... 

A basic arsenate, 2BiAs04.3Bi 203, has been prepared by the action of sodium arsenate upon an ammoniacal solution of bismuth citrate.3 It forms a gelatinous precipitate which resembles the corresponding phosphate in its chemical properties. 

Finally, it is universally accepted at present that Helicobacter pylori infection has a definitive ethiological role in peptic ulcer disease, and that erradication therapy is warranted in these clinical scenarios. The majority of therapeutic trials have included the application of triple therapy with proton pump inhibitors or ranitidine bismuth citrate, clarithromycin and either amoxycillin or metronidazol and is to date the treatment of choice. However, recent studies have reported antibiotic resistance which can be one reason for failure of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection [101-103], and new treatment strategies are therefore Wellcome. Flavonoids, in addition to their gastroprotective activity previously commented, have been also shown to inhibit Helicobacter pylori growth in vitro. In this way, Beil et al. [50]... 

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