Reference cell lines processing

Product Cell line Process Year introduced Reference... 

Product Cell line Processes Year introduced and reference... 

Formalin-fixed and paraffin-processed sections from commercially prepared composite cell line block comprising the human breast carcinoma cell lines SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-175, and MDA-MB-231, have been used consistently for the past 5 years for HER2 IffC EQA evaluation. More recently, the same composite cell line block reference material has been introduced for EQA evaluation of HER2 ISH testing of breast cancer. The principles and protocols developed and established for running of these two schemes have been recently described by Miller et al.13 and Bartlett et al.14... 

In certain cases, serum (fetal bovine serum—FBS) is added to promote the growth of cells. However, the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) problem has necessitated tight control on the quality of FBS (refer to Exhibit 10.12). This increases production and downstream processing costs. For new cell lines being developed, serum-free and protein-free media are used to circumvent the possibility of virus contamination from animal sources and the variation that may arise from use of serum from animal herds. 

Cell lines have been used extensively to study the cytotoxicity of substances to fish cells12,184. Most studies have employed tests of general or basal cytotoxicity rather than tests of injury to differentiated cells and their functions. Basal cytotoxicity refers to impairment to cellular activities shared by all or most cells. Evaluating basal cytotoxicity can be done in a variety of ways, which will be referred to as cell viability assays. Usually these tests are performed on cultures after exposure to putative toxicants for 72 h or less and can be described as short-term or acute assays. As a result of this short exposure, toxicants that act by inducing a particular cellular process, such as the xenobiotic metabolism, or by causing cumulative damage might be missed. 

A TMA can be constructed from cultured cell lines. These cell line samples can serve as control samples because they have been extensively used in the literature and their profile for the marker of interest might be well documented (10,11,12). The cell line pellets are processed in a manner similar to that for routine surgical pathology tissue. This is important because it eliminates any variability related to fixation protocols with reference to immunohistochemical reactivity and sample viability. Use of a resin-based approach has also been described (13). This technique provides excellent morphology and minimizes variability of marker expression related to fixation protocols. 

Biotin uptake has been extensively studied in micro-organisms such as Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Escherichia coli (30 and references cited). The micro-organisms are able to recover biotin from the medium and to concentrate it intracellularly by an active process, that is, against a concentration gradient, mediated by a specialized protein and dependent on an energy source. The biosynthesis of the transport system is regulated by the level of external biotin (30). Since biotin is not biosynthesized by mammalian cells, it must be obtained from exogenous sources by absorption. This uptake of free biotin has been studied, in relation to biotin deficiency, in the small intestine, liver, kidney, and placenta (reviewed in 31). Different models have been utilized (whole animal studies, everted sacs, brush border membrane vesicles. . . ), but the preferred model is cultured cell lines (31). It seems that biotin uptake in... 

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