Reference line

Comparison of Alignment Charts and Cartesian Graphs. There are typically fewer lines on an alignment chart as compared to Cartesian plots. This reduces error introduced by interpolation and inconsistency between scales. For example, to find a point (x,j) on a Cartesian graph one draws two lines, one perpendicular to each axis, and these reference lines intersect at the point x,j). This point (x,j) may correspond to some finite value found by rea ding a contour map represented by a family of curves corresponding to different values of the function. 

An alignment chart is used by drawing one reference line through the two axes. This reference line, which need not be perpendicular to either axis, crosses a result axis at a unique finite value. This result axis represents the contour map on a Cartesian graph. Thus each line on an alignment chart represents a point on a Cartesian graph. 

Step 2. With a straight line, connect the point for carbon dioxide on the primary scale with the density-temperature intersection and extend the line to intersect the reference line 1. 

Step 3. Extend a straight line from the point on the reference line 1 through the point on the secondary scale for carbon dioxide and intersect the reference line 2. 

Step 4. A straight line between the point on the reference line 2 and the point on the pressure line for 1 atmosphere absolute will cross the line for gas dissolved at 1,500 parts per million by weight. 

In Fig. 9.1, orbitals below the dashed reference line are bonding orbitals when they are filled, the molecule is stabilized. The orbitals that fall on the reference line are nonbonding placing electrons in these orbitals has no effect on the total bonding energy of the molecule. The orbitals above the reference line are antibonding the presence of electrons in these orbitals destabilizes the molecule. The dramatic difference in properties of cyclobutadiene (extremely unstable) and benzene (very stable) is explicable in terms of... 

A plot of log (kiku) against pKa (this is called a Br nsted-type plot, as we will see in Section 7.4) for meta- and para-substituted pyridines gave an LFER describing normal behavior. On this same plot the or// o-substituted pyridines all fell below the m and p reference line. The steric constant was defined as the vertical distance between the reference line [whose equation was log (k plkn) = 0.35 pK — 1.73] and the result for the ortho compound, or... 

Connect, with a ruler, the known values of B and t on the appropriate scales. Extend this line up to the intersection point with Reference Line 1. Mark this Point A. 

Transfer Point A from Reference Line 1 to Reference Line 2, using the oblique tie-lines as a guide. Mark A the transferred point. 

Find the desired or calculated Rvalue on the Rt scale and connect it with the known value of R on the R scale extend this line up to the intersection with Reference Line 2. Mark this Point Ak... 

The best group of connections is defined as those that appear in the shaded sections of the charts. Also, the nearer the connection lies to the reference line, the more desirable is its selection. 

Best = N.C. 70 (shaded area and nearest reference line.)... 

On graph or grid paper, pick a horizontal line to be used as the baseline (also referred to as reference line or zero-line). This line usually crosses the center of the page from left to right and represents the rotational centerline of the stationary machine-train component. 

Most 13C resonances are between 0 and 220 ppm downfield from theTMS reference line, with the exact chemical shift of each 13C resonance dependent on that carbon s electronic environment within the molecule. Figure 13.7 shows the correlation of chemical shift with environment. 

It is sometimes convenient to use a properly chosen scattered line in the background for comparison to avoid having to add an internal standard to the sample.37 The experience of the Applied Research Laboratories shows that the effects of variations or fluctuations in the equipment and of particle size in powdered samples can be eliminated satisfactorily in this way. In some cases, absorption and enhancement effects are also adequately compensated. We have already mentioned (7.8) that scattered reference line and the analytical line will be subject to considerably different absorption effects if the two lines differ appreciably in wavelength. Everything depends upon the selection of a satisfactory scattered reference line, and this is done empirically. 

A further test of adequacy is the plot of observed vs. fitted values which is shown in Figure 5. The points generally fall along the reference line for a perfect fit. Further, the deviations from the reference line appear to be randomly distributed. 

Fig. 2. Concentration changes of MB under UV-A (left) and fluorescent light (right) by untreated and H2+Ar plasma treated Xi02 films (blank refers to the reference line for the calibration of concentration changes due to the evaporation of water by lights during the measurements)...

CREATE LINE PLOT. VISIT IS ON THE X AXIS, RESPONSE IS ON THE y AXIS, AND THE VALUES ARE PLOTTED BY TREATMENT. A REFERENCE LINE IS DRAWN JUST BEFORE DAY 1 TO SET APART P0ST TREATMENT DATA. proc gplot... 

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