Red raspberry and

Despite the fact that a-L-rhamnosylpyranoside usually occurs in the anthocya-nins as the dissacharide rutinose, a-rhamnose was found in acerola, linked at position 3 to cyanidin and pelargonidin and to delphinidin in Vaccinium padifolium blueberries,and at the 5 position in black raspberries, " red raspberries, " and purple mashua. The D- and L-configurations were not assigned in any of these studies. 

Mullen W, McGinn J, Lean MEJ, Maclean MR, Gardner P, Duthie GG, Yokota T, Crozier A. 2002. Ellagitannins, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds in red raspberries and their contribution to antioxidant capacity and vasorelaxation properties. J Agric Food Chem 50 6902-6909. 

Sun, Y. Liao, X. Wang, Z. Hu, X. Chen, F. 2007. Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of anthocyanins in red raspberries and identification of anthocyanin of extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Eur. Food Res. Tech. 225 511-523. 

In 2004, Parry et al. (3) examined the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of cold-pressed marionberry seed oil. The oil was shown to contain a relatively high percentage of n-3 fatty acids in the form of a-linolenic acid (15.7%) (Table 1). This amount was lower than that of other caneberry seed oils, including black raspberry, red raspberry, and boysenberry seed oils, tested under the same conditions. The n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio was 4 1, which was the highest among the tested caneberry group. 

Rank Among 20 Superfruits 9th (tied with blueberry, cherry, red raspberry, and sea berry)... 

I relish red raspberries and blackberries they are high on the list because their delicate texture, beautiful color, exceptional prebiotic fiber content, and slight sourness can really set a fruit salad apart with distinct freshness. Some people may be dissuaded by the crunch of seeds from these two Rubus berries, but the seeds impart a little tartness and are loaded with micronutrients, so you know you re getting extra nutrition from them. 

Seeram, N. P., Adams, L. S., Zhang, Y., Lee, R., Sand, D., Scheuller, H. S., Heber, D. Blackberry, black aspberty, blueberry, cranberry, red raspberry, and strawberry extracts inhibit growth and stimulate apoptosis of human cancer cells in vitro. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54(25), 9329-39,... 

Sweet. California (etc) red table and sweet red table, proprietary types generally without specific fmit or varietal aroma unless Concord-type or fmit wines (blackberry, raspberry, strawberry, etc)... 

Sambubiose was less widespread, as a constituent of the major anthocyanins from red currants," elderberries," Davidson s plums, black raspberries, and small red beans, - and hnked to minor anthocyanins from agai " and Vaccinium padifolium blueberries. - Considering the anthocyanins identihed at least with MS, as far as we are concerned, this disaccharide was not reported in vegetables, cereals, or grains. 

Mnllen, W., Lean, M.E.J., and Crozier, A., Rapid characterization of anthocyanins in red raspberry frnit hy high-performance liqnid chromatography coupled to single qnadrupole mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 966, 63, 2002. 

Boyles MI, Matthew J, Wrolstad RE and Ronald E. 1993. Anthocyanin composition of red raspberry juice Influences of cultivar, processing, and environmental factors. J Food Sci 58(5) 1135—1141. 

Zafrilla P, Ferreres F and Tomas-Barberan FA. 2001. Effect of processing and storage on the antioxidant ellagic acid derivatives and flavonoids of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) jams. J Agric Food Chem 49(8) 3651-3655. 

Pinkerton JN, Ivors KL, Reeser PW, Bristow PR, Windom GE (2002) The use of soil solarization for the management of soilborne plant pathogens in strawberry and red raspberry production. Plant Dis 86 645-651. doi 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.6.645 Pivonia S, Cohen R, Levita R, Katan J (2002) Improved solarization of containerized medium for the control of Monosporascus collapse in melon. Crop prot 21 907-912. doi 10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00057-1... 

Fig. 2.106. Separation and identification of various anthocyanin red fruit juices a, grape b, blueberry c, raspberry and d, red currant. Mobile phase water-acetonitrile-formic acid (84 6 10, v/v). Abbreviations Dp delphidin, Cy cyanidin, Pt petunidin, Pn peonidin, Mv malvidin, glu glucose, gala galactose, ara arabinose, ruti rutinose, sopho sophorose, sam sambubiose, xyl xylose. Reprinted with permission from J.-P. Goiffon et al. [241].

Approximately 230 volatile compounds have been identified in raspberry fruit [35]. The aroma of raspberries is composed of a mixture of ketones and aldehydes (27%) and terpenoids (30%), alcohols (23%), esters (13%) and furanones (5%). The raspberry ketone (Fig. 7.5) along with a-ionone and jS-ionone have been found to be the primary character-impact compounds in raspberries. Other compounds such as benzyl alcohol, (Z)-3-hexen-l-ol, acetic acid, linalool, geraniol, a-pinene, jS-pinene, a-phellandrene, jS-phellandrene and jS-caryophyllene contribute to the overall aroma of mature red raspberries [101-105]. The most important character-impact compounds of raspberries are summarised in Table 7.3. 

Anthocyanins are widespread in food plants, with an estimated worldwide consumption of 10000 tonnes from black grapes alone [53]. The anthocyanin content of many fruits and vegetables has been estimated by various methods (Table 16) [56-58]. The main sources of these plant pigments are fresh fruits such as cherries, plums, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, grapes, red currants and black currants. 

Red cabbage as a colorant source has been studied for many years. As of 1990 at least one firm has introduced San Red RC, the first commercially available food color derived from red cabbage. The color can be used alone or in combination with other colors to create strawberry, cherry, raspberry, and blueberry tones. By way of proprietary technology, the new dye is claimed to be free of flavor and odor defects, which in the past have been associated with red cabbage. The dye is pH dependent. The color tones move toward blue-red as the pH value increases. San Red RC ranks between cochineal and grape juice in percent or color retention. 

Durst, R.W., Wrolstad, R.E., and Krueger, D.A. 1995. Sugar, nonvolatile acid, l3C/l2C ratio and mineral analysis for determination of authenticity and quality of red raspberry juice composition. J. AOAC Int. 78 1195-1204. 

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