Raspberry, red

Despite the fact that a-L-rhamnosylpyranoside usually occurs in the anthocya-nins as the dissacharide rutinose, a-rhamnose was found in acerola, linked at position 3 to cyanidin and pelargonidin and to delphinidin in Vaccinium padifolium blueberries,and at the 5 position in black raspberries, " red raspberries, " and purple mashua. The D- and L-configurations were not assigned in any of these studies. 

Mnllen, W., Lean, M.E.J., and Crozier, A., Rapid characterization of anthocyanins in red raspberry frnit hy high-performance liqnid chromatography coupled to single qnadrupole mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 966, 63, 2002. 

Boyles MI, Matthew J, Wrolstad RE and Ronald E. 1993. Anthocyanin composition of red raspberry juice Influences of cultivar, processing, and environmental factors. J Food Sci 58(5) 1135—1141. 

Zafrilla P, Ferreres F and Tomas-Barberan FA. 2001. Effect of processing and storage on the antioxidant ellagic acid derivatives and flavonoids of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) jams. J Agric Food Chem 49(8) 3651-3655. 

Pinkerton JN, Ivors KL, Reeser PW, Bristow PR, Windom GE (2002) The use of soil solarization for the management of soilborne plant pathogens in strawberry and red raspberry production. Plant Dis 86 645-651. doi 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.6.645 Pivonia S, Cohen R, Levita R, Katan J (2002) Improved solarization of containerized medium for the control of Monosporascus collapse in melon. Crop prot 21 907-912. doi 10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00057-1... 

Approximately 230 volatile compounds have been identified in raspberry fruit [35]. The aroma of raspberries is composed of a mixture of ketones and aldehydes (27%) and terpenoids (30%), alcohols (23%), esters (13%) and furanones (5%). The raspberry ketone (Fig. 7.5) along with a-ionone and jS-ionone have been found to be the primary character-impact compounds in raspberries. Other compounds such as benzyl alcohol, (Z)-3-hexen-l-ol, acetic acid, linalool, geraniol, a-pinene, jS-pinene, a-phellandrene, jS-phellandrene and jS-caryophyllene contribute to the overall aroma of mature red raspberries [101-105]. The most important character-impact compounds of raspberries are summarised in Table 7.3. 

Durst, R.W., Wrolstad, R.E., and Krueger, D.A. 1995. Sugar, nonvolatile acid, l3C/l2C ratio and mineral analysis for determination of authenticity and quality of red raspberry juice composition. J. AOAC Int. 78 1195-1204. 

A Rommel, RE Wrolstad. Composition of flavonols in red raspberry juice as influenced by cultivar, processing, and environmental factors. J Agric Food Chem 41 1941-1950, 1993. 

Mullen W, McGinn J, Lean MEJ, Maclean MR, Gardner P, Duthie GG, Yokota T, Crozier A. 2002. Ellagitannins, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds in red raspberries and their contribution to antioxidant capacity and vasorelaxation properties. J Agric Food Chem 50 6902-6909. 

Red Raspberries Captan, Iprodione, and Vindozolin Vitamins A, C Plums, Oranges, Tangerines... 

Raoul prepares a dressing (olive oil, red raspberry vinegar, salt, and pepper) and rips up the salad greens. He grates the carrots and breaks up the goat cheese on top. 

Tryptamines may also appear as an oil put onto various herbs, such as parsley, marijuana or red raspberry leaves. Marijuana is probably the best medium, because it is less harsh on the throat and lungs than parsley and because a lot of users like the combination. Some tryptamine enthusiasts object to mixture with pot on the grounds that marijuana detracts from a tryptamine s clarity. Parsley and other herbs can be converted into more neutral carriers by steeping them in water so as to extract most of their aromatic flavoring and then drying the herb. 

The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins in the fruits and leaves from different cultivars of the thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa D.) was reported [54]. Studies on the ability of endothelial cells (EC) to incorporate anthocyanins and on the potential benefits against various oxidative stressors showed that the enrichment of EC with elderberry anthocyanins gave significant protective effects in the endothelial cells against the oxidative stressors, hydrogen peroxide, 2,2/-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, and iron(II) sulfate/ascorbic acid [55]. 

Sun, Y. Liao, X. Wang, Z. Hu, X. Chen, F. 2007. Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of anthocyanins in red raspberries and identification of anthocyanin of extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Eur. Food Res. Tech. 225 511-523. 

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