Rectum inflammatory diseases

Ulcerative colitis chronic inflammatory disease affecting the large intestine and the rectum Urticaria a skin condition characterised by pruritus Uterine fibroids fibrous tissue growth in the uterus Verrucas viral skin infection, wart... 

Crohn s disease is a non-specific inflammatory disease differing from ulcerative colitis in causing full thickness disease, often involving the small bowel, and/or sparing the rectum, often segmental, which is associated with full thickness Assuring and with granuloma formation. 

Proctitis Inflammation confined to the rectum in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. 

There are two forms of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ulcerative colitis, a mucosal inflammatory condition confined to the rectum and colon, and Crohn s disease, a transmural inflammation of GI mucosa that may occur in any part of the GI tract. The etiologies of both conditions are unknown, but they may have a common pathogenetic mechanism. 

Crohn s disease is granulomatous and in most cases it is a simultaneous disease of the ileum and colon. The primarily inflamed region is the distal ileum, and all intestinal layers are thickened. The mucosal surface is reddened, nodular, and cobblestone-Uke, with mnltiple linear ulcerations. The mucosal layer is thickened by inflammatory infiltrate, the submucosa and serosa by fibrosis, and the serosa by hypertrophy. Chronic nlcerative colitis is a systemic disease that starts at the rectum or the sigmoid colon and progresses proximally to involve the entire left side of the colon. The colonic crypts are the first sites of cell damage and death, and the disease primarily involves the mucosal layer of the intestine. 

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) comprises several diseases, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn s disease. Ulcerative cohtis is a disease of the colon, originating in the rectum and extending proximally to a variable extent. It frequently affects the entire colon but never... 

Hydrocortisone enemas, foam, or suppositories are used to maximize colonic tissue effects and minimize systemic absorption via topical treatment of active inflammatory bowel disease in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Absorption of hydrocortisone is reduced with rectal administration, although 15-30% of the administered dosage is still... 

For the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease involving the rectum or sigmoid colon, rectally administered glucocorticoids are preferred because of their lower systemic absorption. 

Rogy, M.A., Beinhauer, E.G., Reinisch, W., Huang, L. and Pokieser, P. (2000) Transfer of interleukin-4 and inleukin-10 in patients with severe inflammatory bowel disease of the rectum. Hum. Gene Then, 11, 1731-1741. 

An estimated 500,000 Americans have Crohn s disease, an inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) that causes chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. Unlike many autoimmune diseases, Crohn s disease affects men and women equally. About 20% of people with Crohn s disease have a blood relative with some form of IBS. Crohn s disease and ulcerative colitis are similar and are often mistaken for one another. Both involve inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract, and both can cause severe bouts of watery or bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. However, Crohn s disease can occur anywhere in the digestive tract, often spreading deep into the layers of affected tissues. Ulcerative colitis, on the other hand, usually affects only the Lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. 

Inflammatory bowel disease is divided into two major gastrointestinal disorders ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn s disease. Both diseases are chronic and tend to be characterized by periods of exacerbations and remissions. Major differences between UC and Crohn s disease are differentiated by anatomic location and distribution. UC occurs in the colon and rectum, whereas Crohn s disease can occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract. UC tends to be continuous, diffuse, and mucosal Crohn s appears segmental, focal, and transmural. Fissures, strictures, abdominal masses, and pain are commonly associated with Crohn s. Classical symptoms of UC include chronic diarrhea with tenesmus, rectal bleeding, and abdominal pain. 

Candidiasis Any disease condition caused by the yeast Candida albicans. It is commonly found on the skin and in the mouth, vagina, and rectum. Overuse of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs, which interfere with the normal metabolic checks and balances of the body, has caused many people to suffer from candidiasis and allowed the once rare disease to become something of a national celebrity. 

The role of abdominal ultrasound (US) has been less extensively investigated in ulcerative colitis (UC) than in Crohn s disease (CD). This is due to the different features between these two intestinal diseases. In fact, in UC, unlike in CD, inflammatory lesions are confined to the colon, have a predictable spread involving mainly the rectum, which is considered difficult to image by transabdominal US, and affects only the inner wall layer of the colon. Therefore, endoscopy is considered the method of choice in the diagnosis and in assessing extent and severity of the disease. 

Crohn s disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that may occur in any part of the gastrointestinal tract but commonly involves the terminal ileum or right colon frame. Gynecologic involvement with inflammation of the organs of the true pelvis or of the vulva is not uncommon. Another manifestation are fistulas between the vagina and the colon or rectum [5]. MRI is the method of choice for the diagnostic evaluation of pelvic fistulas. 

Chronic inflammatory bowel conditions (ulcerative colitis, Crohn s disease) treated by mesalazine, beclometasone and budesonide given as a suppository or enema for a local action, but only if the disease is limited to the rectum (suppository) and the distal part of the colon (enema). 

Acute obstruction of the colon and rectum is caused by a number of benign and malignant diseases but by far the most frequent aetiology is colorectal carcinoma (Parker et al. 1997 Deans et al. 1994). Other maUg-nant causes include infiltration from adjacent mahg-nant tumour and metastatic involvement. Benign conditions such as diverticuhtis or other inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn s disease, tuberculosis) and anastomotic or post-irradiation strictures are less frequent (Cascales-Sanchez et al. 1997 Rodier et al. 1987 De Lange and Shaffer 1991). 

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease limited to the mucosa and submucosa of the colon. The disease typically begins in the rectum and continuously extends proximally to involve part of the colon or the entire colon (pancolitis). In 10-40% of cases, the distal ileum is also inflamed, which is referred to as backwash ileitis. The most severe... 

The primary colonic lymphoma is usually found in middle-aged or elderly people. Males are twice as often affected as females. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, and changing bowel habits with an average duration of about 4-6 months. Primary colonic lymphomas occur more frequently in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease and immunosuppression and are found most commonly in the cecum or the rectum (Breneton et al. 1983) (Fig. 13.17a-c). 

In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) high fiber diets have no special part to play in the management of Crohn s disease where enteral feeding (with formula low-residue, low-fiber preparations) is especially beneficial where there is acute extensive small bowel disease. In ulcerative colitis specific dietary advice is usually unnecessary though fiber supplements may be of benefit in patients whose disease is limited to proctitis (inflammation of the rectum). 

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