Recovery of Oil from Soybeans

The first steps in the recovery of oil from oil seeds are to crush the seeds and then to separate the oil from the residual seed material (meal). The separation process can involve mechanical presses, solvent extraction, or a combination of both pressing and extraction (c/. Carr, 1989). Mechanical pressing is usually used to separate oil from seeds exceeding 20% oil content. Solvent extraction may be used for materials such as soybeans or press cakes... 

Naphthas are used for extraction on a fairly wide scale. They are applied in extracting residual oil from castor beans, soybeans, cottonseed, and wheat germ and in the recovery of grease from mixed garbage and refuse. The solvent employed in these cases is a hexane cut, boiling from about 65 to 120°C (150 to 250°F). When the oils recovered are of edible grade or... 

The precise cost of production for soybean chitinase is not known. However, we know the cost of soybean is about 230/metric ton. A rough estimate of the cost for producing 3600 I.U. of chitinase from soybean would be in the range of 60,000 - 80,000. With additional improvements in the methodology, one should be able to increase recovery and reduce even more the production cost. Furthermore, since only about 2% of the soybean protein is removed (as crude chitinase extract), all the soybean oil and the rest of the soybean meal can be sold, thus reducing the cost of the raw material and the overall production of the enzyme. 

Tenderization recovery of protein from bones, trash fish liberation of oils In preparation of soybean milk Condiments such as soy sauce and tamar sauce specific diets bouillon, dehydrated soups, gravy powders, processed meats Clarification... 

The preparation of high-purity tocopherols and phytosterols involves steps such as molecular distillation, adduct formation, liquid-liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, saponification, and chromatography (175). The extraction of tocopherols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate by urea inclusion and saponification of free fatty acids resulted in good recovery of tocopherols (208). To improve the separation of sterols and tocopherols, Shimada et al. (209) used a lipase to esterify sterols with free fatty acids. Then the steryl esters and tocopherols were separated better by molecular distillation. Chang et al. (210) used supercritical fluid CO2 extraction to recover tocopherols and sterols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate. A patent by Sumner et al. (211) advocated treatment of the distillate with methanol to converted free fatty acids and other fatty acid esters to methyl esters that can then be removed by a stripping operation. Then separation of sterols and tocopherols could be carried out by molecular distillation. 

Recovery of used solvents by distillation, on site or off site at a central facility, is much easier if each solvent is stored separately. A single solvent for the whole plant would be desirable if a solvent must be used. Sandoz Pharmaceutical (now Novartis) has done this for a process, with the result that they now produce only 1.5 lb of waste per pound of product instead of the former 17.5 lb.16 For an investment of 2.1 million dollars, they save 775,000 dollars/year. Processes that use solvent mixtures should be restudied to see if a single solvent can be used instead. Solvent recovery almost never reaches 100%. A plant extracting oil from soybeans recovered 99.92% by use of desolventizer toasters with fully countercurrent stripping steam.17 It still lost 0.3 gal solvent per ton of... 

Carelli et al., on the other hand, elaborated a basic (rather than an acidic) fractionation scheme to collect the PL present in a chloroform solution of 50-150 mg of sunflower oil most triglycerides were recovered from a 500 mg of bonded diol SPE cartridge using 2.5 ml of chloroform, whereas PL were obtained by elution with 7 ml of methanol containing 0.5 ml/100 ml of a 25% ammonia solution (34). Using this procedure, the recovery of more than 98% pure soybean PE, PA, PI, and PC standards ranged from 94% to 107% at concentrations of 0.1, 0.6, and 1.0% in purified sunflower oil the coefficient of variation was typically of the order of magnitude of 5%. 

The group of P. Pintauro has applied computer aided electrochemical process design to the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of soybean oil [10]. The process consists of 12 unit operations apart from the electrolysis. Only one of them is directly connected to the electrochemical step two others are assigned to the reaction loop. The flow sheet for the oil hydrogenation plant and the specification list for the unit operations impressively demonstrate the ratio between electrolysis and recovery of product and electrolyte. 

A combination of beeswax, soybean oil, and hydrogenated vegetable and soybean oil solubilizes 10 mg of tretinoin, a water-insoluble antineoplastic agent, in Vesanoid soft gelatin capsules. The oral bioavailability of tretinoin has been reported to be >60% based on recovery of approximately 2/3 of an administered dose in the urine. The dose of tretinoin is 45 mg/nV/day (eight capsules) twice daily and the product should be stored at room temperature protected from light. Tretinoin is available in the USA, and has been available in the UK since 2001. 

Solvent extraction is used extensively to recover chemicals from natural products. Solvents are used to extract and concentrate natural oils and products in the bioprocessing industries (nutraceu-tical, food, pharmaceutical, feed, cosmetic, biotechnology) in quantities from grams to metric tons. Biotechnology applications include the recovery of primary and secondary metabolites [4]. Extraction is used to recover vegetable oils and food products. It is used to process a variety of materials including groundnut, mustard seed, soybean, pahn kemal, sunflower, rice bran, copra, cottonseed, and minor oil seeds like neem, mahua, watermelon seed, castor seed, and so on. 

Smiles, A., Kakuda, Y. and MacDonald, B.E. (1988) Effect of degumming reagents on the recovery and nature of lecithins from crude canola, soybean and sunflower oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 65, 1151-1155. 

Botanical Structure Figure 5 illustrates the effect of flaking thickness on oil yield and rate of recovery from soybean feedstock. Rate of extraction increases and yield improves as flake thickness decreases. An oil yield of 97.4% was achieved from 0.10mm flakes however, yield decreased to 87% and 67% for flake thicknesses of 0.38mm and 0.81mm respectively. (O... 

Porous membrane modules were therefore effectively used in bioreactors as an alternative to direct two-liquid contact systems, as long as phase breakthrough was avoided. This required a careful control of the transmembrane pressure, particularly if surface-active material was produced during bioconversions [126,184, 187]. Fouling problems also developed in membrane-assisted multi-phase separation systems. This was observed by Conrad and Lee in the recovery of an aqueous bioconversion product from a broth containing 20% soybean oil by using ceramic membranes fouling was caused mainly by soluble proteins and surfactants [188]. 

Crucial to the economics of PHA recovery from soybeans is the recovery of meal and crude oil for sale. At the price levels used in this estimate, the sales credit for these coproducts (650/lb of PHA) represents 78% of the cost of the... 

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