Bioprocesses industrial

The design emphasis of this section will be on stirred tank bioreactors, which are the most common type used commercially in many bioprocess industries. 

In the bioprocess industries materials that are adversely affected by their engineering flow environment are loosely and collectively referred to as shear... 

Downstream Processing Microfiltration plays a significant role in downstream processing of fermentation products in the pharmaceutical and bioprocessing industry. Examples are clarification of fermentation broths, sterile filtration, cell recycle in continuous fermentation, harvesting mammahan cells, cell washing, mycelia recovery, lysate recovery, enzyme purification, vaccines, and so forth. 

High pressure homogenizers are especially suitable for the emulsification processes in the food, pharmaceutical and bioprocess industries. A general disadvantage of these type of reactors is that there is no precise control over the cavitationally active volume and the magnitude of the pressure pulses that will be generated at the end of the cavitation events (cavitational intensity), unless the valve seat designs are substantially modified. 

Cell populations are normally viewed as unstructured and unsegregated their only property is to have mass. We also abbreviate biomass with X - the great unknown. Substantial losses occur in the bioprocess industry each year due to this unknown factor, specifically, the variability in inoculum cultures and, hence, in yields and productivities of production cultures [455]. 

Ernst et al.5 also indicate that process development in the bioprocess industry is a compromise between optimization and time to market launch. 

It is indeed impossible to capture aU current and future applications, and uses in any one publication. What follows here is a selective presentation from the large number of possible membrane-based processes of relevance to bioprocess industries. 

Mechanically agitated and pneumatically agitated fermenters are commonly used in the bioprocessing industries. Figs. 1-5 and Table 1 show the schematics of these bioreactors and their specific usage based on fermentation criteria outlined by Storhas. ... 

The focus of this entry is limited to the design of aerobic fermenters, i.e., stirred tank and concentric tube airlift fermenters, which are commonly utilized in the bioprocessing industries. Design principles and the basic calculations are described with a couple of industrial examples. Readers with a limited background in mixing technology are referred to the gas-liquid contactor entry of this encyclopedia for a more comprehensive understanding of fluid flow and mass transfer characteristics in stirred tank reactors and bubble columns. 

Solvent extraction is used extensively to recover chemicals from natural products. Solvents are used to extract and concentrate natural oils and products in the bioprocessing industries (nutraceu-tical, food, pharmaceutical, feed, cosmetic, biotechnology) in quantities from grams to metric tons. Biotechnology applications include the recovery of primary and secondary metabolites [4]. Extraction is used to recover vegetable oils and food products. It is used to process a variety of materials including groundnut, mustard seed, soybean, pahn kemal, sunflower, rice bran, copra, cottonseed, and minor oil seeds like neem, mahua, watermelon seed, castor seed, and so on. 

In this chapter, we have described a wide variety of sensors, ranging from pH probes to biosensor-based FIA systems, that can be used to monitor biotechnological processes. At this time, however, not many of the newer instruments (especially biosensors and probes for biomass characterization) presented here are commercially available, and of those that are, only a few have achieved widespread industrial use. This situation probably exists for a number of reasons these sensors have only been developed recently (most within the last 5-10 years) and thus potential users may be unaware of their existence many of these newer probes are expensive (primarily because they are new) and finally, the bioprocess industry has yet to fully accept this new generation of sensors. In addition, many factors are known to affect the accuracy and precision of these more complex instruments, requiring experienced personnel for operation and data interpretation. 

Darani, K.K. and Mozafari, M.R., Supercritical fluids technology in bioprocess industries A review. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 2, 144-152, 2009. 

Bioreactors must fulfill a twofold purpose in bioprocessing—industrial production and process kinetic analysis. A standard research bioreactor has been recommended by the European Federation of Biotechnology (Dechema Monograph, 1982) It is a stirred tank in which all dimensions are standardized (cf. Table 3.7). 

Cellulose phosphate is the most widely used cellulose inorganic ester for ion exchange. Cellulose phosphate is an effective cation-exchanger used in the bioprocessing industry (38). Cellulose phosphate and cellulose pol5 hosphate effectively remove AP+ contamination from ATP (39). A number of products are commercially available, most notably from Whatman, for use as stationary phases in column chromatography and filtration applications. Whatman PI, Pll, and P81 are examples of commercially available cellulose phosphate based ion exchangers. 

Neethirajan S, Jayas DS (2011) Nanotechnology for the food and bioprocessing industries. Food... 

In the chemical and bioprocess industries, the need for real-time process and quality control has elicited a great... 

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