Recommended Presentation Formats

The normal intensity scale obtained for a raw measurement is /oT, usually scaled from 0 to 100%. If an abbreviated or expanded scale is used, it is important to ensure that the scale limits are presented, preferrably with intermediate scale markings shown. Note that for all numerical operations 

The standard linear wavenumber scale is normally used for mid-IR data Fundamental vibration group frequencies are naturally associated with the wavenumber form of the scale. Wavelength-based scales are not normally used, except for the NIR. For mid-IR instruments, options to provide a linear display in wavelength are usually available as an output function for the graphics The raw data are seldom transformed and are usually retained linear in the frequency scale (cm ). 

---

The IRR column is the internal rate of return of the project at the relevant oil price, and is a measure of what discount rate the project can withstand before the NPV is reduced to 0. This indicator will be discussed in a moment, but is included here as a recommended part of this presentation format. 

Two further expressions are used in discussions on isotope ratios. These are the atom% and the atom% excess, which are defined in Figure 48.6 and are related to abundance ratios R. It has been recommended that these definitions and some similar ones should be used routinely so as to conform with the system of international units (SI). While these proposals will almost certainly be accepted by mass spectrometrists, their adoption will still leave important data in the present format. Therefore, in this chapter, the current widely used methods for comparison of isotope ratios are fully described. The recommended Sl-compatible units such as atom% excess are introduced where necessary. 

It is recommended that wherever possible the structure of the URS be used as the basis for the presentation format of the FDS and hardware and software design specifications this helps ensure design decisions are auditable back to the source requirement. Traceability should also be carried forward to the qualification test procedures, where it can link each test and qualification acceptance criterion directly to a specific requirement. 

The presentation of results in graphical formats is state of the art (USEPA, 2000). Although we do not have uniformly accepted recommendations for the presentation formats, the targets of the visualization approaches seem to be in accordance with the following criteria to describe the expected variability in the target population ... 

MAs and variations thereto follow the requirements of the Europecm Directives in all respects. Assessment and legal procedures are carefully constructed to be in compliance with the European legislation and guidelines of the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP). Data requirements and presentation format follow those laid down by Directives. Advice on planned applications can be sought from the MCA, and this is particularly recommended in the case of applicants planning to make use of the European Mutual Recognition Procedures. 

Example templates for various tables recommended for inclusion in a marketing application are given in the ICH CTD guideline and these templates, or appropriate modifications of the templates, should be employed for summary presentations of results. A designation of ETA, for example template available, will be used throughout this chapter to alert sponsors that recommended table formats are available for their consideration. 

There are a number of excellent treatments of the Turing instability. A classic and comprehensive account can be found in the book by Murray,which includes fascinating treatments of pattern formation in animal-shaped domains (to address the question of animal coat patterns ). A less advanced but highly recommended presentation can be found in the book by Edelstein-Keshet, which contains a wealth of information on mathematical treatments of biological systems. The following description is adapted from Ref. 34, which draws on both of these sources. For more advanced discussions, the reader may wish to consult the thermodynamics oriented treatment of Nicolis and Prigogine. ... 

VI. Recommended Spectrum Acquisition, Presentation Format, and Data Manipulation Procedures... 

Of the water-soluble vitamins, intakes of nicotinic acid [59-67-6] on the order of 10 to 30 times the recommended daily allowance (RE)A) have been shown to cause flushing, headache, nausea, and moderate lowering of semm cholesterol with concurrent increases in semm glucose. Toxic levels of foHc acid [59-30-3] are ca 20 mg/d in infants, and probably approach 400 mg/d in adults. The body seems able to tolerate very large intakes of ascorbic acid [50-81-7] (vitamin C) without iH effect, but levels in excess of 9 g/d have been reported to cause increases in urinary oxaHc acid excretion. Urinary and blood uric acid also rise as a result of high intakes of ascorbic acid, and these factors may increase the tendency for formation of kidney or bladder stones. AH other water-soluble vitamins possess an even wider margin of safety and present no practical problem (82). 

Peroxide Formation. Except for the methyl alkyl ethers, most ethers tend to absorb and react with oxygen from the air to form unstable peroxides that may detonate with extreme violence when concentrated by evaporation or distillation, when combined with other compounds that give a detonable mixture, or when disturbed by heat, shock, or friction. Appreciable quantities of crystalline soHds have been observed as gross evidence for the formation of peroxides, and peroxides may form a viscous Hquid in the bottom of ether-fiHed containers. If viscous Hquids or crystalline soHds are observed in ethers, no further tests for the detection of peroxides are recommended. Several chemical and physical methods for detecting and estimating peroxide concentrations have been described. Most of the quaHtative tests for peroxides are readily performed and strongly recommended when any doubt is present (20). 

When using oil-base mud, care must be taken to prevent water becoming free. Water is always present in oil-base mud whether added intentionally through the surface equipment or from the drilled formations. API RP 7G recommends the following factors to be monitored when oil-base muds are in use [181] ... 

While Kozma and Russell (2005) recommend the use of visualisation resources, the value of the various formats for various topics is debatable. Kozma and Russell confirm we are not able to say, given the state of the research, for which topics or students it is best to use animations versus still pictures or models (p. 330). Ardac and Akaygun (2005) on the other hand favour the use of dynamic visuals (preferably on an individual basis) over static visuals when presenting molecular representations, confirming that dynamic visuals can be more effective than static visuals in fostering molecular understanding about the changes in matter (p. 1295). Obviously both static and dynamic forms are valuable and can be nsed to complement each other. 

It is believed that the regiospecifidty of the dioxabicyclization and the concurrent formation of bicyclic ethers 48 and 49 both result from equilibrium control of reversible (per)oxymercuration — de(per)oxymercuration. Thus to optimise the yield of 47 it is important to minimize the amount of water present in the reaction mixture and use of concentrated hydrogen peroxide (>80%) with anhydrous mercury(II) trifluoroacetate is recommended. 

An expert system does much more than extract information from a database, format it, and offer it up to the user it analyzes and processes the information to make deductions and generate recommendations. Because an ES may be required to present alternative strategies and give an estimate of the potential value of different courses of action, it must contain a reasoning capacity, which relies on some sort of general problem-solving method. 

The heat of decomposition (238.4 kJ/mol, 3.92 kJ/g) has been calculated to give an adiabatic product temperature of 2150°C accompanied by a 24-fold pressure increase in a closed vessel [9], Dining research into the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction of aromatic compounds (components unspecified) in nitrobenzene as solvent, it was decided to use nitromethane in place of nitrobenzene because of the lower toxicity of the former. However, because of the lower boiling point of nitromethane (101°C, against 210°C for nitrobenzene), the reactions were run in an autoclave so that the same maximum reaction temperature of 155°C could be used, but at a maximum pressure of 10 bar. The reaction mixture was heated to 150°C and maintained there for 10 minutes, when a rapidly accelerating increase in temperature was noticed, and at 160°C the lid of the autoclave was blown off as decomposition accelerated to explosion [10], Impurities present in the commercial solvent are listed, and a recommended purification procedure is described [11]. The thermal decomposition of nitromethane under supercritical conditions has been studied [12], The effects of very high pressure and of temperature on the physical properties, chemical reactivity and thermal decomposition of nitromethane have been studied, and a mechanism for the bimolecular decomposition (to ammonium formate and water) identified [13], Solid nitromethane apparently has different susceptibility to detonation according to the orientation of the crystal, a theoretical model is advanced [14], Nitromethane actually finds employment as an explosive [15],... 

Though both the above equations represent the data with reasonable accuracy the conditions present at the distributor agree better with the assumption that 11/16th of the volume of the liquid is being carried by the bubble. It is therefore recommended that, for calculation of bubble formation at the distributor, Eqs. (22) and (28) be used. 

The initial HMF content in all honey samples was lower than the allowed maximum limit of 40 mg/kg as recommended by Turkish Alimentarus Codex [17], for honey in general. These results contradict the observation made by some authors that the types of honey produced in subtropical climates have high HMF exceeding 40 mg/kg [18]. However, the European Union council directive also allows for a maximum of 80 mg/kg for honey from tropical climates. The HMF level in honey is said to depend on the type of sugar present in honey and the fructose glucose ratio [19]. The HMF formation results from the acid catalyzed dehydration of hexose... 

Even if, from the present standpoint - i.e. after the project was completed - we had excessive demands with these further abstraction steps (regarding type characterisation and justified expectations about the behaviour of innovation systems deducible from that), the project results concerning hypothesis formation, model development and recommendations for action are indeed entirely presentable. 

---