Hypothesis formation

Even if, from the present standpoint - i.e. after the project was completed - we had excessive demands with these further abstraction steps (regarding type characterisation and justified expectations about the behaviour of innovation systems deducible from that), the project results concerning hypothesis formation, model development and recommendations for action are indeed entirely presentable. 

It would be an oversimplification to suggest that a pair of cores could be considered duplicates or that information from a single core could be extrapolated to basin-wide processes. However, carefully chosen core sites can provide a basis for reasonable estimates and hypothesis formation. Both basins of LRL have similar morphometric and edaphic conditions (Figure 1), suggesting similar depositional regimes and histories. Core locations were chosen near sites where extensive pore-water measurements had been made (4, 17, 59) and where sediment cores had been dated by 210Pb. Mean mass accumulation rates calculated over the top 4-5 cm were comparable between basins 105 and 126 g/m2 per year for the treatment and reference basin, respectively (65, 66). 

Formal hypothesis testing is less likely to occur for secondary endpoints. Descriptive statistics are more likely to be presented. It is also possible that findings of particular interest may lead to a primary objective in a subsequent trial. That is, these data are more suited to hypothesis formation than hypothesis testing. It is important to emphasize here that data leading to the formation of a hypothesis cannot be used to test that hypothesis As just noted, a new dataset must be generated. 

However, according to Brown and Taylor [87] there is the possibihty to reverse the phenomenon of local drying, that is to modify Mehta hypothesis. Formation... 

Hdjek, P. and Havranek, T. (1978). Mechanizing Hypothesis Formation, Springer, Berlin,... 

Figure 4.14 Theory revision using abduction for hypothesis formation.

Strategy 3 focused checks direct-error-hypothesis formation). The subject responds to a bizarre result and immediately forms a hypothesis on the type of error that he may have committed ... 

The strategy that detects the largest number of errors by volume is direct-error-hypothesis formation , followed in order of effectiveness by error-suspicion , affirmative evaluation and a long way behind standard check , which corresponds to the type of checking methods learned at school. 

Related studies have been made using perchloric acid. From mixtures of anhydrous nitric and perchloric acids in the appropriate proportions, Hantzsch " claimed to have isolated two salts whose structures supported his hypothesis concerning the nature of nitric acid in strong mineral acids. He represented the formation of the salts by the following... 

The first step of the reaction involves the formation of the S-C bond with the elimination of a molecule of ammonium salt. The fact that it has been possible to isolate the acyclic intermediate (176), R = Me or Ph, would confirm this hypothesis, particularly when the reaction is carried out for a short time in the cold in ethereal solution (27, 82). These intermediates (176) can be cyclized quantitatively on standing or on being treated by hydrochloric acid. However, no evidence has been advanced concerning their structures. 

This hypothesis is based on the fact that Arapides (9) was able to demonstrate the formation of the acyclic compound (185), which is an intermediate in the conversion of a-thiocyanatoketone to 2-hydroxythia-zole, but an intermediate such as 186 seems to be more probable (Scheme 95). 

Mutagenicity. The AJ-nitrosamines, in general, induce mutations in standard bacterial-tester strains (117). As with carcinogenicity, enzymatic activation, typically with Hver microsomal preparations, is required. Certain substituted A/-nitrosamine derivatives (12) induce mutations without microsomal activation (31,33,34). Because the a-acetoxy derivatives can hydroly2e to the corresponding a-hydroxy compounds, this is consistent with the hypothesis that enzymatic oxidation leads to the formation of such unstable a-hydroxy intermediates (13) (118). However, for simple /V-nitrosamines, no systematic relationship has been found between carcinogenicity and mutagenicity (117,119—123). 

Electrochemical corrosion is understood to include all corrosion processes that can be influenced electrically. This is the case for all the types of corrosion described in this handbook and means that data on corrosion velocities (e.g., removal rate, penetration rate in pitting corrosion, or rate of pit formation, time to failure of stressed specimens in stress corrosion) are dependent on the potential U [5]. Potential can be altered by chemical action (influence of a redox system) or by electrical factors (electric currents), thereby reducing or enhancing the corrosion. Thus exact knowledge of the dependence of corrosion on potential is the basic hypothesis for the concept of electrochemical corrosion protection processes. 

The mechanism of chemical adhesion is probably best studied and demonstrated by the use of silanes as adhesion promoters. However, it must be emphasized that the formation of chemical bonds may not be the sole mechanism leading to adhesion. Details of the chemical bonding theory along with other more complex theories that particularly apply to silanes have been reviewed [48,63]. These are the Deformable Layer Hypothesis where the interfacial region allows stress relaxation to occur, the Restrained Layer Hypothesis in which an interphase of intermediate modulus is required for stress transfer, the Reversible Hydrolytic Bonding mechanism which combines the chemical bonding concept with stress relaxation through reversible hydrolysis and condensation reactions. 

Step conversion of 6 to 7 via an enol intermediate. It is important to note that this initial hypothesis was made with little supporting evidence. Amamath s data was inconsistent with the formation of the enol intermediate, thus the mechanism was revised to the version illustrated below. 

The second line of circumstantial evidence quoted in support of this hypothesis is the ready formation of l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-/3-carboline derivatives under pseudo-physiological conditions of temperature, pH, and concentration. Tryptamine and aldehydes, trypt-amine and a-keto acids, and tryptophan and aldehydes condense at room temperature in a Pictet-Spengler type intramolecular Mannich reaction in the pH range 5.2-8.0 (cf. Section III, A, 1, a). It was argued that experiments of this type serve as models for biochemical reactions and may be used in evidence. 

Semiempirical (PM3) and ab initio (6-3IG basis set) calculations are in agreement with the hypothesis described in Section I (99MI233 OOOJOC2494). In the case of the sensitized reaction, when the excited triplet state is populated, only the formation of the radical intermediate is allowed. This intermediate can evolve to the corresponding cyclopropenyl derivative or to the decomposition products. In a previously reported mechanism the decomposition products resulted from the excited cyclopropenyl derivative. In our hypothesis the formation of both the decomposition products and the cyclopropenyl derivatives can be considered as competitive reactions. 

Compound 104 could not be obtained from 103, and a hypothesis about its formation considered the (homolytic or heterolytic) cleavage of the O—N bond (Scheme 43) (68TL2417). The sensitized reaction didnotgive adifferentresult the author supposed that the reaction involved the excited triplet state of the molecule. When the reaction was carried out in methanol, 104 was obtained in 8% yield... 

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