Chlorine reactions with inorganics

Chlorine Reactions with Inorganic Species The form ih which chlorine is added to a water affects some of the chemical properties of the water. The addition of chlorine gas to a water will lower Us alkalinity because of the production of the strong acid and HOC by the reaction in Eq. 7-52. However, if chlorine is dosed as a salt of hypochlorous acid ... 

Much of the CI2O manufactured industrially is used to make hypochlorites, particularly Ca(OCl)2, and it is an effective bleach for wood-pulp and textiles. CI2O is also used to prepare chloroisocyanurates (p. 324) and chlorinated solvents (via mixed chain reactions in which Cl and OCl are the chain-propagating species).Its reactions with inorganic reagents are summarized in the scheme opposite. 

The following reactions with inorganic substances are taken from the book of Clark, Hydrazine (1953), pp 4 to 18 Potassium reacts with N2H4 expl violently (p 4) Mercuric oxide reacts with N2H4.H2O with expl violence (p 5) Chlorine, bromine and iodine react violently (p 8) with N 2H4 and spontaneous ignition of N2H) takes place in a chlorine atm. 

The chemistry of chlorine discussed in this section includes hydrolysis and optimum pH range of chlorination, expression of chlorine disinfectant concentration, reaction mediated by sunlight, reactions with inorganics, reactions with ammonia, reactions with organic nitrogen, breakpoint reaction, reactions with phenols, formation of trihalomethanes, acid generation, and available chlorine. 

Reactions with inorganics. Reducing substances that could be present in the raw water and raw wastewater and treated water and treated wastewater are ferrous, manganous, nitrites, and hydrogen sulfide. Thus, these are the major substances that can interfere with the effectiveness of chlorine as a disinfectant. The interfering reactions are written as follows with ferrous ... 

This reaction accounts for a major part of the chlorine consumption in outdoor swimming pools. It is the reason why bleach is sold in opaque plastic bottles and it should be the reason that you should never buy bleach in a clear bottle "on sale" from your neighborhood supermarket, that is, unless you are interested in purchasing a bottle of salt solution. 2. Reactions with Inorganics. The reactions between chlorine and reduced inorganic compounds (e.g., Mn(II), Fe(II), NOa", S(—II)) are usually rapid. Thus when chlorine is used to oxidize ferrous iron to ferric iron, for example, in groundwater treatment, the reactions. 

Deborde M, von Gunten U (2008) Reactions of chlorine with inorganic and organic compounds during water treatment-Kinetics and mechanisms a critical review. Water Res 42 13-51... 

The industrial production of ethylene and propylene oxides was historically dependent on the chlorohydrin process, a multistep procedure that proceeds via the stoichiometric reaction of propylene (or ethylene) with chlorine and water to yield a mixture of chlorohydrin isomers (only one for ethylene) and hydrochloric acid. The epoxide is formed upon reaction of the chlorohydrins with calcium or sodium hydroxide. All the chlorine used in the process eventually ends up as chlorinated organic and inorganic by-products (Equation B2). 

Then, after the process of disinfection, and after the reactions with reduced organic and inorganic matter (including NH3) take place, the total available chlorine (or total chlorine residual) is given by the sum of the free available chlorine and the combined available chlorine. ... 

Chlorine dioxide, CIO2, is a stable oxide and can be prepared by reducing chlorates (equation 97) or in reaction with moist oxaUc acid (equation 98). Chlorine dioxide is a strong oxidizing agent toward both organic and inorganic materials. 

SAFETY PROFILE A poison. Flammable by chemical reaction an oxidizer. Explosive reaction with hydrogen peroxide, chlorine + ethylene. Reacts violently with molten potassium, molten sodium, S, (H2S + BaO + air). Forms explosive mixtures with nonmetals [e.g., phosphorus (impact-sensitive), sulfur (friction-sensitive)]. Incompatible with alkali metals, reducing materials. Dangerous when heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of Hg. See also MERCURY COMPOUNDS, INORGANIC. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 8 Label Corrosive SAFETY PROFILE Poison by inhalation. A corrosive irritant to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. With the appropriate conditions it undergoes hazardous reactions with formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, inorganic bases, iodides, metals, methyl hydroperoxide, oxidants (e.g., bromine, pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride, perchloric acid, oxygen difluoride, hydrogen peroxide), 3-propynol, water. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of POx. 

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