Reaction type abbreviations

AAC1 Acid catalysed ester hydrolysis, acyl cleavage, unimolecular. 

AdN-E Tetrahedral mechanism of nucleophilic addition followed by elimination. 

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Figure 16.5 Second-order rate constants [multiplied by (1 - aia) for phenols] for reactions of several compounds with 02 (left scale) as a function of pH. The abbreviations in parentheses indicate the reaction type ef = endo-peroxide formation (Eq. 16-14) er = ene reaction et = electron transfer so = sulfur oxidation. The scale on the right indicates the half-lives of the compounds in the epilimnion of Greifensee on a clear summer day (data from Scully and Hoigne, 1987).

The electron pair of the C-O bond can be regarded as having been donated by the hydroxide ion, while the electron pair of the C-Br bond departs with the leaving bromide ion. The name for this type of reaction is abbreviated SN, S for substitution and N for nucleophilic. 

Both type 1 and type 2 azole N-oxides like 1 and 9 upon alkylation, acylation, sulfonylation, phosphorylation, or silylation at the oxygen atom give rise to highly reactive N-alkyloxyazolium or N-acyloxyazolium salts, etc., (abbreviated common term oxyazolium salts) which can undergo a series of exquisite and useful reactions with nucleophiles, bases, and electrophiles. In most cases the whole sequence can be run in one pot. Reactions of this kind are discussed in the sections dealing with the individual azole N-oxides. A brief overview, listing the reactions of this kind that have been observed in the azole N-oxide series, is presented below. Some of these reaction types have been observed in a few cases only and... 

Abbreviate reaction types with capital roman letters and arabic numerals. 

Substitutions involving haloalkanes involve a type of substition called Nucleophilic substitution, in which the substituent Y is a nucleophile. A nucleophile is an electron pair donor. The nucleophile replaces the halogen, an electrophile, which becomes a leaving group. The leaving group is an electron pair acceptor. Nuclephilic substition reactions are abbreviated as Sn reactions. 

According to the first report of the Enzyme Commision from 1961 all enzymes are classified in six enzyme classes, depending on the reaction being catalyzed. Within the scheme of identification each enzyme has an Enzyme Commission number denominated by four numbers after the abbreviation E.C. The first number indicates one of the six possible reaction types that the enzyme can catalyze the second number defines the chemical structures that are changed in this process the third defines the properties of the enzyme involved in the catalytic reaction or further characteristics of the catalyzed reaction the fourth number is a running number. 

Resin types Abbreviation Resin building block Duroplastic networking reaction Reaction product split off in crosslinking Residual monomer ... 

Redox An abbreviation of reduction and oxidation a type of reaction in which both reduction and oxidation occur concurrently. 

List of Abbreviations PCR, polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid RNA, ribonucleic acid RNase, ribonuclease mRNA, messenger RNA GABAa, y-aminobutyric acid type A cRNA, copy RNA dNTPs, deoxy nucleoside triphosphates MMLV, Mouse Moloney murine leukemia vims RT, reverse transcriptase bp, base pair Tm, melting temperature DEPC, diethylpyrocarbonate OD, optical density mL, milliliter SA-PMPs, streptavidin paramagnetic particles dT, deoxy thymidine DTT, dithiothreitol DNase, deoxyribonuclease RNasin, ribonuclease inhibitor UV, ultraviolet TBE, Tris-borate, 1 mM EDTA EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Buffer RET, guanidium thiocyanate lysis buffer PBS, phosphate buffered saline NT2, Ntera 2 neural progenitor cells... 

List of Abbreviations GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid type A 5HT3, 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 SDM, site-directed mutagenesis PCR, polymerase chain reaction TRCP, targeted random chimera production SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate... 

Empath maintains ten object classes. Landmarks indicate a general area of the chart where a particular metabolism occurs. Compounds are primary reactants and products. Cofactors are additional reactants and products that usually drive steps energetically. Enzymes are the primary catalysts of steps most of them have an associated EC number. Agents are secondary catalysts, usually metal ions. Regulators are substances that enhance or suppress a particular reaction. Steps are reactions that include aU of the above object types. Pathways are sequences of life essential steps or steps that occur across all species. Diseases as well as Notes are associated with steps. Abbreviations are a separate category for abbreviated names on the chart and have a link to the area of primary synthesis. 

We shall consider the sequence as firstly imine formation (an abbreviated form of this mechanism is shown), followed by imine-enamine tautomerism. This provides a nucleophilic centre and allows a subsequent aldol-type reaction with enamine plus ketone. The pyrrole ring is produced by proton loss and a dehydration. 

Another type of abbreviation—a bolded number, sometimes followed by a letter—is used to label reagents, products, or other compounds that are mentioned more than once in the text. (This is a useful convention because compounds can often be more than 100 characters in length ) Bolded numbers are also used to label species in reactions and schemes, so that the species can later be referred to by number. In the text, the bolded number is introduced, sometimes in parentheses, immediately after the first usage of the full name, like other types of abbreviations. Subsequent references to the compound are by bolded number (and possibly a letter) only, without the full name and without parentheses. Numbers are assigned sequentially if more than one compound is labeled in the text. 

It is traditional to begin books about polyurethanes by defining the class of polymers that has come to be known as polyurethanes. Unlike olefin-based polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.), the uniqueness of polyurethane is that it results not from a specific monomer (ethylene, propylene, etc.), but rather from a type of reaction, specifically the fonnation of a specific chemical bond. Inevitably, the discussion in traditional books then progresses to the component parts, the production processes, and ultimately the uses. This is, of course, a logical progression inasmuch as most tests about polyurethanes are written for and by current or aspiring PUR (the accepted abbreviation for conventional polyurethanes) chemists. Unlike discussions about polyolefins where the monomer, for the most part, defines the properties of the final product, a discussion of PURs must begin with the wide variety of constituent parts and their effects on the resultant polymers. 

Figure 6.32 The basis of type II hypersensitivity reactions. The antigen is part of a cell, which becomes the target for macrophages, NK cells, neutrophils, and complement. Abbreviation NK, natural killer.

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