First usage

Contaminants in recycled plastic packaging waste (HDPE, PP) were identified by MAE followed by GC-MS analysis [290]. Fragrance and flavour constituents from first usage were detected. Recycled material also contained aliphatic hydrocarbons, branched alkanes and alkenes, which are also found in virgin resins at similar concentration levels. Moreover, aromatic hydrocarbons, probably derived from additives, were found. Postconsumer PET was also analysed by Soxhlet extraction and GC-MS most of the extracted compounds (30) were thermally degraded products of additives and polymers, whereas only a few derived from the original contents... 

Another type of abbreviation—a bolded number, sometimes followed by a letter—is used to label reagents, products, or other compounds that are mentioned more than once in the text. (This is a useful convention because compounds can often be more than 100 characters in length ) Bolded numbers are also used to label species in reactions and schemes, so that the species can later be referred to by number. In the text, the bolded number is introduced, sometimes in parentheses, immediately after the first usage of the full name, like other types of abbreviations. Subsequent references to the compound are by bolded number (and possibly a letter) only, without the full name and without parentheses. Numbers are assigned sequentially if more than one compound is labeled in the text. 

Parameter Two distinct definitions for parameter are used. In the first usage (preferred), parameter refers to the constants characterizing the probability density function or cumulative distribution function of a random variable. For example, if the random variable W is known to be normally distributed with mean p and standard deviation o, the constants p and o are called parameters. In the second usage, parameter can be a constant or an independent variable in a mathematical equation or model. For example, in the equation Z = X + 2Y, the independent variables (X, Y) and the constant (2) are all parameters. 

Exact dates of first usage of PBO in household formulations are unclear. However the following products are known from the 1950s and 1960s. Some examples are showm in Table 17.1. 

Gould [32] ascribes the first usage of evolution in this context to Albrecht von Haller. I have been unable to corroborate this source, instead finding a tentative suggestion from his contemporary. Bonnet, that evolution describes the process of organic change over time [37]. For our purposes, the discrepancy is inconsequential both presented preformationist theories of evolution at about the same point in history. 

The most common method of liquid sample introduction in AES is via a nebulizer. The type of nebulizer used in modem instruments has not altered significantly since its first usage, despite of its inefficiency. Most nebulizers have transport efficiencies of between 1-2%. 

The term action spectrum has been used in two rather different ways. The first usage is strictly incorrect in that it relates to the overlap integral of the spectra for the... 

Kretz 1983 mineral symbols, unless otherwise designated in parentheses after the first usage of a mineral name). These phases plot on a plane. Figure la, in the tetrahedron... 

This rather dry recitation of data on the uses of 1,4-DCB illustrates two key points. First, usages can change over time, affecting the life cycle of a... 

In this small survey, we have mainly used the Chemical Abstracts database to get some clarity concerning the origin of some words and how they have evolved. Some terms, such as coordination polymer, have been around for a while. Others have just started to appear, one example being metal-organic frameworks. Note that our statements of first usage or similar phrases means that they have appeared in the title, abstract, index terms or equivalent searchable information. These words most likely appeared earlier in the bulk text of articles but this is much more difficult to trace. 

The study of any physical chemistry topics requires mathematics. Galileo once wrote, The book of nature is written in the language of mathematics. We will use mathematics in two different ways. First, we will use it to describe the behavior of systems without explaining the origin of the behavior. Second, we will use it to develop theories that explain why certain behaviors occur. This chapter is an example of the first usage, and the next chapter is an example of the second usage. 

This pioneering results [17] account for the first usage of bacteria-created biofilms in the preparation of optical devices and opened up a new trend in the multidisciplinary research toward exploiting natural structures as potential hosts for advanced devices. 

Concerning the term bioelectronic tongue (BioET) [11], we can cite the first usage in the work by Tpnning et ah, where an array of different amperometric... 

The use of adhesives in medical applications has been restricted, for some time, to the manufacture of self-adhesive bandages (plasters, self-adhesive strips of fabric, etc.). The first pressure-sensitive adhesives used for this were based on natural rubber, concocted decades ago. This first usage was later partly superseded by synthetic rubbers (e.g., polyisoprene, polyisobutylene). In die mid-twentieth century, pressure-sensitive adhesives based on polyacrylic acid esters gained predominance in general use and in the composition of bandage materials. 

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