Wild radish

Dicotyledonae Brassicaceae radish, wild Raphanus sativus L. 

C/5 2 Q B (days) and year Brassica Barley Vetch Ryegrass Wild radish Radish Broccoli Collards Lettuce... 

O Extremely diffusive, repulsive, reminiscent of wild radish, sharp green, cabbage-like. Only in high dilution bearable and most acceptable, pleasant, vegetable-like O of GC eluates Sulfurous, sickly O Vegetable, sulfidy O... 

Walsh, M.J., S.B. Powles, B.R. Beard, B.T. Parkin, and S.A. Porter (2004). Multiple-herbicide resistance across four modes of action in wild radish (Raphanus). Weed Sci., 52 8-13. 

Numerous cases of resistance to the ALS inhibitors have now been reported in other broadleaf weed species, including pigweed and cocklebur, as well as grasses such as shattercane. Walsh et al. (2001) reported that only a few years after the first case of ALS-resistant wild radish, a major weed in Australian wheat fields, 21% of randomly collected wild radish populations were found to be resistant to chlorsulfuron. Patzoldt and Tranel (2002) reported that cloransulam resistance was found in an Indiana population of giant ragweed during the first year of that herbicide s commercialization in 1998, and that the resistant plants were cross-resistant to imazethapyr and chlorimuron. Since 1989, the number of species resistant to ALS inhibitors has increased almost 10-fold in crops and on roadsides. The total ALS-resistant weed species now number 108, as seen in Tables 11.4a and b). 

Multiple-resistance mechanisms, defined as resistance due to more than one mode of action or class of herbicide, have been reported in several ALS-resistant weed biotypes - including false cleavers, wild oat, common waterhemp, kochia, rigid ryegrass in Australia (Powles and Matthews, 1992 Preston and Mallory-Smith, 2001), and wild radish (Walsh etal, 2004a). 

Walsh, M.J., R.D. Duane, and S.B. Powles (2001). High frequency of chlorsulfuron-resistant wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) populations across the Western Australian wheatbelt. Weed Technol., 15 199-203. 

Oilseed rape species used to produce canola oil and meal are from the Brassica genus in the Cruciferae family. They were first cultivated in India almost 4000 years ago. Large-scale planting of rapeseed was first reported in Europe in the thirteenth century. The Brassica species probably evolved from the same common ancestor as wild mustard (Sinapis), radish (Raphanus), and arrugula Eruca). 

Fig. 3.1 Elimination, by early spraying with 10% sulfuric acid, of wild radish from a wheat crop. The strip on the left was sprayed at emergence. (Ball and French, 1935.)...

The consuming public is frequently unaware of the dietetic importance of Brassica oilseed crops since their oil and meal products are usually processed and blended as they enter the food chain. On the other hand, almost every consumer is familiar with their close relatives, the cole vegetables such as cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts, the condiment mustards, and the root crops of turnips, rutabagas and radishes. Many farmers directly feed forage rapes and kales while others attempt to rid their fields of weedy species such as black and wild mustard. 

Raphanus raphanistrum Wild radish Brassicaceae Plant Encyclopedia (2012)... 

Other cruciferous vegetables may be used in the human diet either as condiments, as it is the case of Sinapis alba (white mustard) or as salad crops, such as Nasturtium officinale (watercress), Eruca sativa (salad rocket), and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (wild rocket). These species are eaten all over the world in salads and soups. Predominantly, the leaves of these species are eaten raw or cooked, although Eruca and D. catholica flowers are also consumed. Other species from Diplotaxis genus such as D. acris and D. simplex have been reported to be edible components of green salads in North Africa, Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan. Finally, other crops can be used because of their roots, as it is the case of Raphanus sativus (radish), which is an important vegetable crop worldwide, especially in China, Japan, Korea, and Southeastern Asia. 

The minimum standard at which certified cereal seed can be marketed is 99% analytical purity (99.7% for Cl and 99.9% for Cl HVS), 85% germination (80% for triticale and 75% for naked oats) and a maximum of 17% moisture content. There are also specific standards for the content of wild oats and eigot pieces and also seeds of com cockle, couch, sterile brome and wild radish. 

Certified, Pre-Basic and Basic seeds of oilseed and turnip rape have a minimum analytical purity of 98% and a minimum germination of 85%. The maximum content by weight of other seed species is 0.3%. There are also specific standards applied for wild oats, dodder, dock, wild radish, black-grass and flaxfield ryegrass contamination. 

Origin and History The radish was devainp ed from a wild giant in the cooler areas of Asia, from here, it spreed to the Mediterranean region bafore the Greek era, thenr to the New World early in the IBth century. 

Often what is called a wild plant, and an unfamiliar food source to most, was however, very familiar to the natives of a land. When colonists arrived in the New World, very few Indians had gardens or cultivated crops. Instead, most of them supplemented their diets by collecting edible wild plants with which they were familiar. Instead of the potatoes, carrots, radishes, parsnips, beets, and turnips known today, Indians relied on wild roots and tuljers. They also collected various nuts, fruits, greens, and seeds. In some areas, natives still depend upon edible wild plants for food, and at times a distinction between wild and domesticated is difficult... 

Bitter Bitter (quinine, alkaloids) Caustic (ethyl alcohol) Pungent (wild radish) ... 

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