White sand

The word glass commonly means the transparent substance obtained when white sand is fused with metal oxides or carbonates to give a mixture of silicates. Ordinary or soda-glass has the approximate composition NajO. CaO. 6Si02. (This is the composition obtained by analysis it does not represent the compounds present.) If sodium is replaced by potassium the melting point is... 

Place an intimate mixture of 125 g. of powdered, anhydrous zinc chloride and 26-5 g. of acetophenonephenylhydrazone in a tall 500 ml. beaker in an oil bath at 170°. Stir the mixture vigorously by hand. After 3-4 minutes the mass becomes hquid and evolution of white fumes commences. Remove the beaker from the bath and stir the mixture for 5 minutes. Then stir in 100 g. of clean, white sand in order to prevent solidification to a hard mass. Digest the mixture for 12-16 hours on a water bath with 400 ml. of water and 12 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in order to dissolve the zinc chloride. Filter off the sand and the crude 2-phenylindole, and boil the solids with 300 ml. of rectified spirit. Treat the hot mixture with a little decolourising carbon and filter through a pre-heated Buchner funnel wash the residue with 40 ml. of hot rectified spirit. Cool the combined filtrates to room temperature, filter off the 2-phenylindole and wash it three times with 10 ml. portions of cold alcohol. Dry in a vacuum desiccator over anhydrous calcium chloride. The yield of pure 2-phenylindole, m.p. 188-189°, is 16 g. 

Bromine (7 ml) is added dropwise to a mixture of white sand (14 g) and red phosphorus (3 g, dried at 165° under vacuum) moistened with 5 ml of deuterium oxide. The apparatus is fitted with an exit tube to allow the liberated deuteriobromic acid to pass through two U-tubes and into a receiving flask. The first trap contains glass beads and is cooled in an ice-salt slurry. The second contains glass beads and red phosphorus moistened with deuterium oxide. The deuterium bromide gas is collected in the appropriate solvent at ice bath temperature. A small amount of phosphorus pentoxide should be added to remove any deuterium oxide if anhydrous reagent is required. 

Early in the program, critical components (e.g.,the turbomolecular pump) and circuit boards were tested for their ability to survive neutron and gamma irradiation rates and doses similar to those that would be received from exposure to the detonation of a tactical nuclear device. All components were powered up at the start of the gamma irradiation tests but not during the neutron irradiation tests. Circuit boards were protected by circumvention circuits that powered down critical circuits in 10 to lOOps upon detecting radiation. All components survived the nuclear radiation tests. This unusual performance was noted with positive commendations by the staff at the White Sands Missile Range, where the tests were performed. Tests of the fully integrated CBMS II system, installed in a reconnaissance vehicle, will be conducted in the future. 

Extensive, horizontal sandstone plateaus occur in tropical shield areas. Well-known examples are the Precambrian Roraima sandstone formations on the Guiana Shield and the Voltaian sandstone formations in Western Africa. Major occurrences of consolidated sands are found in Northern Africa, in Guyana and Surinam, eastern Peru, northeastern Brazil and in Liberia (western Africa). These sandstone formations have a history of tropical weathering in common they all have a deep weathering mantle of bleached, white sands that are very rich in quartz, poor in clay and excessively drained. Electrolyte contents differ by region In arid and semi-arid areas where evaporation exceeds precipitation, salts and carbonates may accumulate at or near the surface of the soil. 

Plutonium from the Hanford Site was shipped to Los Alamos every 5 days, and enriched uranium was shipped to Los Alamos from Oak Ridge. At 5 30 a.m. on Monday, July 16, 1945, the U.S. tested the first plutonium bomb, named Trinity, at the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. The bomb exploded with a force of approximately 18.6 kilotons. After this test there was no longer any question that the plutonium bomb would work. 

The trail was of washed, white sand, inches deep in places and soft and inviting. We had walked hardly a quarter of a mile when lust overtook our interest in lepidoptera. Adding to our thrill was the risk of discovery by Witoto trail users. We tossed caution to the winds and were soon lost in each other. Pleasant it was in that verdant setting to part and defile the shaggy, slippery riches of Ev s sex. I thought of it as "Doing it for Vladimir." Verdant lust and butterflies were always entwined in Nabokov s enviable mind. 

The soils from the morama bean-growing sites in Botswana were characterized by brown sand with no dolomite or limestone concretions on the surface or in the soil profile. Of all the sites in Botswana, only Ghanzi was characterized by white sand with dolomite or limestone concretions in the soil profile. Nonmorama soils from Namibia (Sandveld Site 4) were very fine white sands that appeared wet, waterlogged, and clayish, while those from Botswana soils (Groote Laagte Site 2 and Makgobokgobo Site 2) were generally brown sands with no limestone or dolomite concretions in the profile. 

In the following year Hatchett was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1798 he analyzed an earthy substance, sydneia, which Josiah Wedgwood had found in New South Wales and another specimen of it provided by Sir Joseph Banks (5). This, according to Wedgwood, was composed of a fine white sand, a soft white earth, some colourless micaceous particles, and some which were black. Hatchett found it to consist of siliceous earth, alumine, oxide of iron, and black lead or graphite and concluded that the Sydneian genus, in future, must be omitted in the mineral system. ... 

This sand [said Mr. Gregor] is found in large quantity in a valley of the Menachan parish in the county of Cornwall. Through this valley there flows a stream whose principal source is in the valleys of Gonhilly. The sand is black, and in external appearance resembles gunpowder. Its grains are of various sizes, but have no definite shape. It is mixed with another dirty-white sand, the grains of which are much finer.. . . ... 

Refs 1) J.C. Kenyon, "No-Fire Level Test of TADM Electro-Explosive Devices , Ordnance Mission Data Rept (1962), White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico (DA Project 512-15-009) 2) C.T. Davey, "FILUP,... 

NAVORD Rept 6628 (1959), Evaluation of Explosive Switches MK66 Mod O, and Mk 67 Mod O, White Oak, Maryland 5) J.C.Kenyon, Ordnance Mission Data Rept 4, DA Project 512-1 5-009 (1962), No- Fire Level Test of TADM Electro-Explosive Devices, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico 6) S Odierno, Information Pertaining to Fuzes , Pamphlet, pub-lished by Picatinny Arsenal in 1964, Vol 4, pp XVA XVB 7) DuPont Blasters Hdb (1966), 94—5 (Electric Squibs)... 

WSPG White Sands Proving Ground, T - r iii JYTO L lT5 INIVJVUUW... 

OMTF Ordnance Missile Test Facility, White Sands, NM... 

WSMR White Sands Missile Range, Las Cruces, NM (formerly WSPG)... 

---