Detection of radiation

The sensitivity, accuracy, and precision of solid-sample analysis have been greatly improved by coupling LA with ICP-OES-MS. The ablated species are transported by means of a carrier gas (usually argon) into the plasma torch. Further atomization, excitation, and ionization of the ablated species in the stationary hot plasma result in a dramatic increase in the sensitivity of the detection of radiation (LA-ICP-OES) or of the detection of ions (LA-ICP-MS). 

Excitation of sample by bombardment with electrons, radioactive particles or white X-rays. Dispersive crystal analysers dispersing radiation at angles dependent upon energy (wavelength), detection of radiation with gas ionization or scintillation counters. Non-dispersive semiconductor detectors used in conjunction with multichannel pulse height analysers. Electron beam excitation together with scanning electron microscopes. 

One of the standardized methods, electron spin resonance (ESR) technique, permits identification of food that contains a hard, dry matrix, e.g., bone. When food containing bone is irradiated, free radicals are produced and trapped in the crystal lattice of the bone, which can be detected by ESR spectroscopy [137]. Thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals for detection of radiation treatment of, e.g., spices and dried fruits can be successfully applied [138, 139]. Another standardized method that has been developed for identification of irradiated fat-containing foods is the mass-spectrometric detection of radiation-induced 2-alkylcyclobutanones after gas-chromatographic separation [140]. The... 

Since the X-ray spectral lines come from the inner electrons of the atoms, die lines are not related to the chemical properties of the elements or to the compounds in which they may reside. Because the characteristics of die X-ray spectra are associated with energies released through transitions of electrons within the inner shells of the atom, the spectra are simple. Most practical X-ray fluorescence analysis involves the detection of radiation release through electron transitions from outer shells to the K shell (K spectra), outer shells to die L shell (L spectra) and, in very few cases, from outer shells to the M shell (M spectra). 

Using chemical or instrumental techniques, isolate X and X from all other elements in Y (not necessarily quantitatively) and measure the activity of X. Chemical isolation of the activity of interest is performed simply by separating it chemically from all other activities. Instrumental isolation of the activity of interest involves the detection of radiation that can uniquely identify the nuclide in question. 

Tsoulfanidis, N. Measurement and Detection of Radiation, 2nd ed., Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC, 1995. 

Chakrabarti S, Kassis Al, Slayter FIS, Bump EA, Sahu SK, Makrigiorgos GM (1998) Continuous detection of radiation or metal generated hydroxyl radicals within core chromatin particles. Int J Radiat Biol 73 53-63... 

Wardman P, Dennis MF, Everett SA, Patel KB, Stratford MRL, Tracy M (2003) Radicals from one-electron reduction of nitro compounds, aromatic N-oxides and quinones the kinetic basis for hypoxia-selective, bioreductive drugs. Biochem Soc Symp 61 171-194 Warman JM, de Haas MP, Hummel A, van Lith D, VerberneJB, Loman H (1980) A pulse radiolysis conductivity study of frozen aqueous solutions of DNA. Int J Radiat Biol 38 459-459 Warman JM, de Haas MP, Rupprecht A (1996) DNA a molecular wire Chem Phys Lett 249 319-322 Warters RL, Lyons BW (1992) Variation in radiation-induced formation of DNA double-strand breaks as a function of chromatin structure. Radiat Res 130 309-318 Warters RL, Hofer KG, Harris CR, Smith JM (1977) Radionuclide toxicity in cultured mammalian cells Elucidation of the primary site of radiation damage. Curr Top Radiat Res Q 12 389-407 Weiland B, Huttermann J (1998) Free radicals from X-irradiated, dry and hydrated lyophilized DNA as studies by electron spin resonance spectroscopy analysis of spectral components between 77 K and room temperature. Int J Radiat Biol 74 341-358 Weinfeld M, Soderlind K-JM (1991) 32P-Postlabeling detection of radiation-induced DNA-damage identification and estimation of thymine glycols and phosphoglycolate termini. Biochemistry 30 1091-1097... 

Weinfeld M, Soderlind K-JM (1991) 32P-postlabeling detection of radiation-induced DNA-damage Identification and estimation of thymine glycols and phosphoglycolate termini. Biochemistry 30 1091-1097... 

Drug Administration (FDA) approved the irradiation of fresh iceberg lettuce and fresh spinach. Finally, the detection of radiation from space enables us to study the beauty and workings of our universe. 

Wang, J. Rivas, G. Ozsoz, M. Grant, D.H. Cai, X. Parrado, C. Microfabricated electrochemical sensor for the detection of radiation-induced DNA damage. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 1457-1460. Steenken, S. Jovanovic, S.V. How easily oxidizable is DNA One-electron oxidation potentials of adenosine and guanosine radicals in aqueous solution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 617-618. 

The DNA-modified electrodes have been used for trace measurements of toxic amine compounds [141], and for trace measurements of phenothia-zine compounds with neuroleptic and antidepressive action [142], as well as detection of radiation-induced DNA damage [143]. 

Time-resolved microwave conductivity TRMC) Technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-re-solved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. 

The detection of radiation is based on the interactions of the various types of ionizing radiations with matter. The differences between the interactions and the penetrating abilities of the various radiations are very relevant to radiation detection and measurement—e.g. they partly explain the variety of detector types and designs. 

Nuclei with Atomic Number Greater Than 83 Detection of Radiation Rates of Decay and Half-Life Disintegration Series Uses of Radionuclides Artificial Transmutations of Elements Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission Reactors Nuclear Fusion... 

Emanations from radioactive substances affect photographic plates just as ordinary visible light does. Becquerel s discovery of radioactivity resulted from the unexpected exposure of such a plate, wrapped in black paper, by a nearby enclosed sample of a uranium-containing compound, potassium uranyl sulfate. After a photographic plate has been developed and fixed, the intensity of the exposed spot is related to the amount of radiation that struck the plate. Quantitative detection of radiation by this method is difficult and tedious. 

Scintillation counter A device used for the quantitative detection of radiation. 

Name and describe four methods for detection of radiation. 

Numerical simulations of this model were carried out to test expectations. The results are shown in Figs. 8 and 9. The figure 8 shows the amplitude of the detected signal at the third harmonic of the modulation frequency when the operating point corresponds to the second node, i.e., n = 2, and the Bo is selected for the detection of radiation in the vicinity of 400 GHz, which lies near the lower edge of the Terahertz band, where the device sensitivity to such radiation has been confirmed by our experiments, see Fig. 3, for example. As confirmed by the simulations, the 3 harmonic sensing concept yields indeed a narrow band detector, with sensitivity between roughly 200 and 800 GHz, as... 

The direct detection of radiation induced crosslinks in polyethylene has been a major goal of radiation chemists for many years. It was recognized as early as 1967 that solution 13c nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy could be used to detect structures produced in polymers from ionizing radiation. Fischer and Langbein(l) reported the first direct detection of radiation induced crosslinks (H-links) in polyoxymethylene using 13c NMR. Bennett et al.(2) used 13c NMR to detect radiation induced crosslinks in n-alkanes irradiated in vacuum in the molten state. Bovey et al.(3) used this technique to identify both radiation induced H-links and long chain branches (Y-links) in n-alkanes... 

---