Cylinder, hollow

Pistons may be of segmented construction to permit the use of one-piece wear bands. One-piece wear bands are a requirement in API 618. Pistons have a problem in common with humans—a weight problem. Weight in a piston contributes directly to the compressor shaking forces and must be controlled. For this reason, aluminum pistons are often found in larger low pressure cylinders. Hollow pistons are used but can pose a hazard to maintenance personnel if not properly vented. If trapped, the gas will be released in an unpredictable and dangerous manner when the piston is dismantled. 

As a self-supported cylinder, hollow fiber membrane is required to withstand high transmembrane pressure without collapsing. Modulus of elasticity is a crucial parameter for the calculation of the collapse pressure of a given fiber. With a much more porous overall structure, asymmetric hollow fibers specifically require a high modulus of elasticity to avoid collapse of the... 

Cylindrical particles together with spherical are probably the most common shape. Many chemical reactors use cylinders (hollow cylinders) as the preferred shape for catalysts in fixed bed reactors (See Figure 9.3.g.). Rice has a cylindrical shape as do some bacteria (e.g. bacilli). 

Nanotubes rolled into a cylinder (hollow tube) graphite plane, which is lined with regular hexagons with carbon atoms at the vertices of a diameter of several nanometers (Fig. A.2). Nanotubes can consist of one layer of atoms (single-wall nanotubes-SWNT) and represent a number of nested into one another-layer pipes (multiwalled nanotubes - MWNT). 

Form factors for scattering particles or molecules with a regular morphology (spheres, cylinders, hollow spheres, lamellae) are available in the literature... 

The parameters and K2 are listed up in Table 1 for spheres, cylinders, hollow cylinders, binary mixtures of spheres and continuous granulations of both poor and good conducting material (ceraunic, steel). 

The fuel elements were unusual in that they consisted of hollow cylinders, which were fabricated as a form of sandwich on the outside was niobium metal and on the inside vanadium metal, with the uranium sandwiched between the two. The reasoning behind this was that if there were a catastrophic loss of coolant, the vanadium would fail first, meaning that the molten uranium could flow down inside the outer niobium tube. Making the cylinder hollow improved the head transfer as the coolant could flow down the middle of the tube as well as the outside. 

The sidewall sampling tool (Sl/VS) can be used to obtain small plugs (2 cm diameter, 5 cm length, often less) directly from the borehole wall. The tool is run on wireline after the hole has been drilled. Some 20 to 30 individual bullets are fired from each gun (Fig. 5.35) at different depths. The hollow bullet will penetrate the formation and a rock sample will be trapped inside the steel cylinder. By pulling the tool upwards, wires connected to the gun pull the bullet and sample from the borehole wall. 

Other frequently used resonators are dielectric cavities and loop-gap resonators (also called split-ring resonators) [12]. A dielectric cavity contains a diamagnetic material that serves as a dielectric to raise the effective filling factor by concentratmg the B field over the volume of the sample. Hollow cylinders machmed from Ilised quartz or sapphire that host the sample along the cylindrical axis are conunonly used. 

Faraday cup (or cylinder) collector. A hollow collector, open at one end and closed at the other, used to measure the ion current associated with an ion beam. 

The structure of the LH2 complex of R. acidophila is both simple and elegant (Figure 12.17). It is a ring of nine identical units, each containing an a and a P polypeptide of 53 and 41 residues, respectively, which both span the membrane once as a helices (Figure 12.18). The two polypeptides bind a total of three chlorophyll molecules and two carotenoids. The nine heterodimeric units form a hollow cylinder with the a chains forming the inner wall and the P chains the outer wall. The hole in the middle of the cylinder is empty, except for lipid molecules from the membrane. 

A variation on the exact soiutions is the so-caiied seif-consistent modei that is explained in simpiest engineering terms by Whitney and Riiey [3-12]. Their modei has a singie hollow fiber embedded in a concentric cylinder of matrix material as in Figure 3-26. That is, only one inclusion is considered. The volume fraction of the inclusion in the composite cylinder is the same as that of the entire body of fibers in the composite material. Such an assumption is not entirely valid because the matrix material might tend to coat the fibers imperfectiy and hence ieave voids. Note that there is no association of this model with any particular array of fibers. Also recognize the similarity between this model and the concentric-cylinder model of Hashin and Rosen [3-8]. Other more complex self-consistent models include those by Hill [3-13] and Hermans [3-14] which are discussed by Chamis and Sendeckyj [3-5]. Whitney extended his model to transversely isotropic fibers [3-15] and to twisted fibers [3-16]. 

The piston is located at the end of the piston rod and acts as a movable barrier in the compressor cylinder. It is generally made from materials such as aluminum or cast iron and has a hollow center. Small-diameter high-pressure cylinders may be provided with a combined piston and rod machined from a single piece of bar stock. 

Hohlimg, /. cavity, hoUew, excavation. Hohl-vene, /. (Anat.) vena cava, -walze, /. hollow cylinder or roll, -welle, /. hollow shaft, -zahn, m. (Bot.) hemp nettle, -ziegel, m. hollow brick (or tile), -zirkel, m. inside calipers, -zylinder, m. hollow cylinder. 

Magnetite Anodes of cast magnetite are now available. The anodes are produced as a hollow cylinder closed at one end (typically 60 mm diameter X 720 mm length). The method of cable connection is relatively difficult and requires the inner surface of the casting to be copper plated. At a current density of 75 Am consumption rates in seawater of less than 1 -5g/Ay are claimed. 

As indicated in Fig. 21.3, for both atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy a resonance line source is required, and the most important of these is the hollow cathode lamp which is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 21.8. For any given determination the hollow cathode lamp used has an emitting cathode of the same element as that being studied in the flame. The cathode is in the form of a cylinder, and the electrodes are enclosed in a borosilicate or quartz envelope which contains an inert gas (neon or argon) at a pressure of approximately 5 torr. The application of a high potential across the electrodes causes a discharge which creates ions of the noble gas. These ions are accelerated to the cathode and, on collision, excite the cathode element to emission. Multi-element lamps are available in which the cathodes are made from alloys, but in these lamps the resonance line intensities of individual elements are somewhat reduced. 

The alkaline version of the Mn02 / zinc cell follows a different concept because it turns the construction of the Leclanche cell completely around now the cathode (Mn02 + carbon) forms a hollow cylinder contacting the inner wall of the cell container (steel) along its outer surface. The inner cavity has to accommodate anode, electrolyte, separator, and current collector. Usually, the separator forms a basket, which is automatically inserted and pre-... 

We conclude that the preparation of the samples of the polymer composites with the corresponding electrical properties in the form, say, of the plates, bars, hollow cylinders, etc., that are usually used for the purpose of research in the laboratories, and of real articles should be considered as two interrelated problems. This is important and should be stressed, as the values of the conductivity and other parameters obtained for the simple forms might prove different for the forms that may be used as constructional elements. Therefore, these circumstances should be taken into account at the design stage of a conducting composite as well as the optimum technological techniques of molding of practically important articles. 

A snap can be characterized by the geometry of its spring component. The most common snaps are the cantilever type, the hollow-cylinder type (as in the lids of pill bottles) and the distortion type (Fig. 4-15). These snaps include those in any shape that is deformed or deflected to pass over interference. The shapes of the mating parts in a hollow cylinder snap is the same, but the shapes of the mating parts in a distortion snap are different, by definition. These classifications are rather nominal, because the cantilever category is used loosely to include any leaf-spring components, and the cylinder type is used also to include noncircular section tubes. 

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