Radar monitoring

From the 1960s onward, there was a greater interest in psychological issues, dominated by the concept of the human as a single-channel processor of information. This stimulated research into a number of areas. Studies of mental workload were concerned with the ability of humans to cope with extremely high levels of information in situations such as air traffic control. Vigilance studies, which focused on the human s role in situations with very low levels of stimulation such as radar monitoring, represented the other extreme of human performance that was considered. 

Long-term microwave radar monitoring of ocean slicks at low grazing angles... 

In this paper, the capabilities for slick detection at low grazing angles are examined with the use of a standard marine radar system chosen to represent the typical performance of this low cost technology. The resolution and data quality achieved with this kind of instrument are briefly reviewed and compared with those of traditional satellite and airborne radar systems. Two examples of the successful detection in the coastal zone of controlled surfactant slicks with a marine radar system are presented to illustrate the potential for operational and research applications. Finally, the information contained in long-term radar monitoring of a specific area is explored. 

Many investigators have examined the relationship between these EEG bands and states of arousal, attention, and workload (Davidson, 1988 O Hanlon Beatty, 1977 Parasuraman, 1983). For instance, activity in the delta band is associated with sleep and is not typically used in assessing workload. Theta activity, on the other hand, usually reflects lapses in attention. Beatty and O Hanlon (1979) found that observers who could suppress their theta activity improved their vigilance performance. Alpha activity is associated with an awake but relaxed state and appears to be particularly sensitive to changes in workload (Gale Edwards, 1983). Lastly, alert states are reflected by a preponderance of beta activity. In a simulated radar monitoring task, O Hanlon and Beatty (1977) found that better detection performance coincided with higher levels of beta activity as well as lower levels of alpha and theta activity. 

O Hanlon, J. F., Beatty, J. (1976). Catecholamine correlates of radar monitoring performance. Biological Psychology, 4, 293-303. 

For instance, when the radar controller projects the existence of an aircraft from the radar monitor that might lead to a conflict, a series of work of the radar controller is directed to the pilot by communicating appropriate instructions to avoid any conflict. The controllers then input the content of instructions to the RDP system, and make markings on the flight-strip. At the same time, the coordination controller also projects the situation from the radar monitor and the flight-strip (which contains the flight plan) in the same way as the radar controller. However, the role and task of coordination controller are different from those of the radar controller. For example, the coordination controller coordinates with adjacent sectors to keep the traffic flow smoothly so as to make it easier for the radar controller to carry out his/her tasks. 

Liepa, V. and V. Balodis. 1994. Monitoring of bird breeding near a powerful radar station. The Ring 16 100. 

Tracking surveillance technology is varied in design and form. It ranges from simple beepers to sophisticated intelligent transportation systems. For example, there is radar to monitor over the horizon bi-static sensors for passive retrieval of emissions (cellular phones) or active sonar-hke capacity tagging systems that use projectiles to attach transmitters to moving objects illumination telescopic and detection systems. 

This type of signal detection analysis was advanced during World War II for the monitoring of radar images where it was necessary for radar receiver operators to make judgments on whether a blip was due to enemy or friendly objects, or just noise. Consequently the analysis is known as Receiver Operator Characteristics or ROC. 

Phosphors for cathode-ray tubes, television screens, monitor screens, radar screens, and oscilloscopes are tested under electron excitation. Electron energy and density should be similar to the conditions of the tube in which the screen will be used. The phosphors are sedimented or brushed onto light-permeable screens and coated with an evaporated aluminum coating to dissipate charge. The luminescence brightness and color of the emitted light are measured with optical instruments such as photomultipliers or spectrophotometers. 

By the 1940s, upper-level measurements of pressure, temperature, wind and humidity clarified more about the vertical properties of the atmosphere. In the 1950s, radar became important for detecting precipitation over a remote area. Also in the 1950s, with the invention of the computer, weather forecasting became not only quicker but also more reliable, because the computers could solve the mathematical equations of the atmospheric models much faster. In 1960, the first meteorological satellite was launched to provide 24-hour monitoring of weather events worldwide. 

Thomson observed a glowing beam that came out of the cathode and struck the anode and the nearby glass walls of the tube. So, he called these rays cathode rays. The glass tube Thomson used is known as a cathode-ray tube (CRT). CRTs have become an important part of everyday life. They are used in television sets, computer monitors, and radar displays. 

These results confirm that marine radar systems can provide useful and reliable NRCS measurements in complex areas such as the coastal zone. These cost effective instruments provide a robust and reliable tool for long-term monitoring of sensitive coastal areas. The long-term monitoring facility suggests that these data may also be useful to interpret larger scale snapshots obtained from satellite or airborne radars. 

However, radars possibilities are limited by the respective conditions on the air-sea interface and depend on oil spill parameters. Different processes in the ocean-atmosphere system can result in similar SAR image signatures and equal contrasts. In order to discriminate between natural sea slicks and oil spills additional information is always required. Nevertheless, the ability of all-weather monitoring by radar makes it a powerful tool for ocean remote sensing. 

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